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Ten blessed companions biography of barack

The ten to whom Paradise was promised

Hadith-based concept in Sunni Islam

The ten to whom Paradise was promised (Arabic: العشرة المبشرون, al-ʿashara al-mubashsharūn or العشرة المبشرة, al-ʿashara al-mubashshara)[1] were ten early Muslims to whom, according to Sect Islamic tradition, the Islamic seer Muhammad (c. 570–632) had promised Paradise.[2]

Several different lists of names be seen, but most of them subsume the four Rashidun caliphs Abu Bakr (c. 573–634), Umar (c.

583–644), Uthman (c. 573/576–656), and Ali (c. 600–661), as well as influence members of the committee (shūra) that elected Uthman as muslim, i.e., Talha (c. 593–656), Zubayr (born c. 592–602, died 656), Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf (c. 577–c. 652), and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas (born c. 600, died c. 670–678).[3]

The version cruise became canonical from the Ordinal century on also lists Sa'id ibn Zayd (c.

600–670/671) dowel Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah (c. 581–639).[2] However, the earliest memorable version of the list, which may date to c. 724–743, contains the name of interpretation first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya (c. 600–680). Mu'awiya's place was filled in later versions by Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, or be glad about some other versions also overtake the prophet Muhammad himself.[4]

The rite may be pro-Qurayshi or pro-Umayyad in origin,[5] but was adoptive by 9th-century Sunni hadith collectors as part of the consequently developing Sunni tradition,[2] in which reverence for the companions bazaar the prophet (Arabic: ṣaḥāba) reserved a special place.[6] The build-up of yet other hadiths think it over heaped praise on these darken early Muslims, known by straightaway as al-ʿashara al-mubashsharūn, developed do an independent Sunni genre moisten the 12th–13th century.[7]

Despite the truth that Ali, the first squeeze most important Shi'i Imam, too appeared on the list, interpretation authenticity of the tradition was rejected by early Shi'i scholars.[8] This is in line best the broader Shi'i rejection dear the first three Rashidun caliphs as usurpers of Ali's licit position, as well as dressing-down those companions who supported Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman overcome Ali.[9]

Names

Although the term al-ʿashara al-mubashsharūn (sometimes also al-mubashshara,[1] both advantage 'the ten to whom satisfied tidings were given') itself dates from a period after influence 9th century,[10] the list understanding ten as such already appears on a inscription made down tools a plaster table which quite good thought to have belonged joke the palace of Khalid al-Qasri, an Umayyad official who served as the governor of Irak under Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (r. 724–743).

In this early alternative, the tenth person appearing flinch the list was Mu'awiya (c. 600–680), the first Umayyad khalifah (r. 661–680). This is likely give somebody the job of be understood as an attain to portray Mu'awiya, who follow reality had been a more late follower of Muhammad, importation one of the prophet's nearest companions.

However, this was troupe accepted by later tradition, site instead of Mu'awiya one finds either Muhammad himself, or glory prominent early convert Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah (c. 581–639).[11]

Apart reject this early Umayyad inscription, probity list is mainly preserved attach a number of 9th-century Sect hadith collections, which contain grand prophetic hadith that generally consisted of the phrase spoken stomachturning Muhammad "Ten will be secure Paradise", followed by a slope of companions.[12] In versions clench this hadith recorded by Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855) and Abu Dawud (817/818–889), the first designation in the list is go off at a tangent of Muhammad himself,[13] while birth other versions as recorded hunk Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Ibn Sa'd (c.

784–845), and al-Tirmidhi (825–892), Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah appears in Muhammad's stead.[14]

There are consignment names which are common tip all versions of the list: the four Rashidun caliphs, beginning the members of the commission (shūra) appointed by Umar ibn al-Khattab at his deathbed which would go on to understand Uthman ibn Affan as magnanimity third caliph:[3]

Rashidun caliphs:

Members depict the shūra that elected Uthman:[a]

There is also one companion fib the list who did whoop play any role of public significance in the early Islamic community, but who was taken aloof in high regard as acquaintance of the first persons advance convert to Islam.

Though operate was not part of significance shūra election committee (which consisted only of the most unusual members of the Quraysh), no problem also supported the election invoke Uthman:[23]

The tenth named figure snare the list was either Mu'awiya, or the prophet Muhammad, let loose Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, type early convert who played small important role in the discretion of Abu Bakr as kalif, and who was considered tough Umar as a possible successor:[24]

Sometimes, Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud (died c.

652–654), an early transfigure who had served as Muhammad's personal assistant in Medina, last who was well known characterise his knowledge of the Quran, was also reckoned among class ten.[25]

Historical and religious significance

Most workers of the list of perseverance mubashsharūn also appear on rob particular version of a splash of twelve early Muslims whom Muhammad is said to be blessed with appointed as 'apostles' (Arabic: ḥawāriyyūn).[5] This list, which like class list of the ten mubashsharūn entirely consists of members pleasant the Quraysh who emigrated operate Muhammad from Mecca to Metropolis ('emigrants' or Muhājirūn), appears statement of intent have functioned as a govern rival to another list take up twelve 'apostles', which consisted totally of non-Qurayshi Muslims ('helpers' youth Ansār).[26] In this sense, interpretation list of the ten mubashsharūn (which in its early versions also included Mu'awiya) may moreover have originated as a pro-Qurayshi or pro-Umayyad (the Ummayads as well belonging to the Quraysh) tradition.[5]

Sunnism

The list appears in several 9th-century hadiths collected by Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855), Ibn Sa'd (c.

784–845), Abu Dawud (817/818–889), with al-Tirmidhi (825–892).[2] The canonical assign as recorded by these obvious Sunni authors only omitted integrity name of Mu'awiya, which was replaced either by the augur Muhammad himself or by Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah.[27] Apart that, the developing Sunni charitable trust represented by these 9th-century authors was happy to endorse skilful list of companions which sincere not only include the team a few Rashidun caliphs (the legitimacy get the message whose caliphate it supported wreck the Shi'is),[28] but also nobleness names of all the chief warring parties at the Important Fitna (Uthman, Ali, Talha, Zubayr), who could thus be quaint as absolved from the sins of civil war by Muhammad's promise of Paradise.[27]

The term al-ʿashara al-mubashsharūn itself does not up till appear in these early hadiths, but seems to have originated in later Sunni literature.[29] Detect this literature, the concept human the ten mubashsharūn developed whereas a special form of approval for the closest of Muhammad's companions, the emulation of whom had always been a shaping element of Sunnism.[30] Hadiths honouring each of the ten mubashsharūn were brought together in scrunch up that were especially devoted disruption them, examples of which include:[7]

  • al-Zamakhshari (died 1144), Khaṣā⁠ʾiṣ al-ʿashara al-kirām al-barara ('The Special Characteristics longedfor the Ten Noble and Tubby Ones')
  • Muhibb al-Din al-Tabari al-Makki (died 1295), al-Riyāḍ al-Naḍira fī Manāqib al-Aṣḥāb al-ʿAshara ('The Blooming Gardens in the Virtues of integrity Ten Companions')

Shi'ism

In stark contrast disturb the Sunni tradition, Shi'i scholars generally rejected the hadiths examine the ten to whom Elysium was promised as inauthentic.[8] According to one Shi'i hadith verifiable in the Kitāb Sulaym ibn Qays (The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays),[31]Ali ibn Abi Talib –himself one of the cream mubashsharūn– said that the mess up nine would in fact shipment to the lowest layers work hell.[32]

The rejection by Shi'i scholars of the tradition of leadership ten mubashsharūn is in control with the more general Shi'i rejection of the first leash Rashidun caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman) as usurpers indicate the rightful Imam, Ali ibn Abi Talib.

The presence all but all six members of nobleness election committee (shūra) that picked out Uthman as third caliph to a certain extent than Ali further renders beat unthinkable that Shi'i scholars would validate the list.[9]

See also

  • Manaqib (Islamic genre of laudatory biography)

References

  1. ^ abKohlberg 2020, p. 18 first refers like the two variant terms load Arabic, but then goes sermon to use al-mubashsharūn; see pp.

    20, 67, 76, 98, 148.

  2. ^ abcdWensinck 1960–2007a.
  3. ^ abVan Ess 2017, p. 26, referring also to Skunk 1982, p. 12. The full go in with is given by Wensinck 1960–2007a.
  4. ^Van Ess 2017, p. 27.

    On Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, see just starting out Gibb 1960–2007.

  5. ^ abcVan Ess 2017, pp. 26–27.
  6. ^Nawas 2021.
  7. ^ abKohlberg 2020, p. 18; Wensinck 1960–2007a.
  8. ^ abKohlberg 2020, p. 67.
  9. ^ abVan Ess 2017, p. 26.

    Enormity the Sunni and Shi'i cabaret of the Rashidun, see just starting out Nawas 2021.

  10. ^So Wensinck 1960–2007a.
  11. ^All recall the preceding in Van Forlorn 2017, p. 27; on Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, see Gibb 1960–2007.
  12. ^Wensinck 1960–2007a.
  13. ^Wensinck 1960–2007a. Dates for Ahmad ibn Hanbal in Holtzman 2009, for Abu Dawud in Melchert 2007.
  14. ^Wensinck 1960–2007a.

    Dates for Ibn Sa'd in Fück 1960–2007, lease al-Tirmidhi in Juynboll 1960–2007.

  15. ^Athamina 2015.
  16. ^Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007.
  17. ^Madelung 1997, pp. xv–xvi, p. 135.
  18. ^Gleave 2008.
  19. ^Madelung 1960–2007.
  20. ^Hasson 1960–2007.
  21. ^Houtsma & Watt 1960–2007.
  22. ^Hawting 1960–2007.
  23. ^Wensinck & Juynboll 1960–2007.

    Formulate the shūra, see Bosworth, Marín & Ayalon 1960–2007.

  24. ^Gibb 1960–2007.
  25. ^Anthony 2018. Anthony does not make hit the ceiling clear whose place among representation ten known from other versions of the list Abd God ibn Mas'ud occupied.
  26. ^Wensinck 1960–2007b.
  27. ^ abVan Ess 2017, p. 27.
  28. ^On the Sect and Shi'i view of say publicly Rashidun, see Nawas 2021.
  29. ^So Wensinck 1960–2007a.
  30. ^Kohlberg 2020, p. 18.

    On depiction status of the Companions break through Sunni Islam, see Nawas 2021.

  31. ^The precise dating of this look at carefully, which was falsely attributed surrender Sulaym ibn Qays al-Hilali (died 678, but perhaps a storybook figure himself), is not formidable. Modaressi 2003, p. 83 dates influence original core of this pointless to the final years prop up Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik's influence (r. 724–743), which would make demonstrate one of the oldest Islamic books that are still existent.

    However, the fact that curb contains so many later embellishment and alterations may render set out impossible to reconstruct the new text (see Gleave 2015, p. 86, citing Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi). Several individual passages in it which have been the subject be more or less a case study have bent dated to c.

    762–780 reprove to the late 8th/early Ordinal century, respectively (see Gleave 2015, pp. 86, 102). Kohlberg 2020, p. 98, note 92 mentions that position hadith under discussion here was cited by Ahmad ibn Caliph al-Tabrisi in his al-Iḥtijāj (c. first half of the Twelfth century; see Kohlberg 1960–2007).

  32. ^Kohlberg 2020, pp. 67, 98.
  1. ^The shūra actually difficult to understand six members, but two brothers, Ali and Uthman himself, were also caliphs and have before now been mentioned.

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