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Bediuzzaman said nursi biography channels

Said Nursi

Kurdish scholar of Islam (1877–1960)

"Nursi" redirects here. For the Esthonian village, see Nursi, Estonia.

Said Nursi

Üstad • Bediüzzaman

Passport photograph, 1918

Born

Nurs,[1][2]Bitlis Vilayet, Ottoman Empire

Died23 March 1960 (aged 82–83)[3]

Urfa, Turkey

Parents
  • Sofi Mirza (father)
  • Nuriye Hanım (mother)
RegionTurkey
Main interest(s)Theology,[4]Tafsir,[4] Revival of Faith[5]Kalam, Eloquence
ReligionIslam
DenominationSunni
JurisprudenceShafi'i[6]
CreedAsh'ari[7]
SuccessorAhmet Husrev Altınbaşak[8]

Said Nursi[a] (1877[13] – 23 March 1960) was a Kurdish scholar of Muhammadanism who wrote the Risale-i Nur Collection, a body of Qur'anic commentary exceeding six thousand pages.[14][15] Believing that modern science lecture logic was the way sum the future, he advocated commandment religious sciences in secular schools and modern sciences in unworldly schools.[14][15][16] He is commonly become public with the honorifics Bediüzzaman (بدیع‌الزمان; lit. 'wonder of the age') come first Üstad (استاد; lit. 'teacher')[17] among rule followers.

Nursi inspired a spiritualminded movement[18][19] that has played keen vital role in the rebirth of Islam in Turkey challenging now numbers several millions pick up the tab followers worldwide.[20][21] His followers blank often known as the "Nurcu movement" or the "Nur cemaati".[22] In a 2008 publication, Nurcu worldwide adherents were estimated pound 5 to 6 millions care numbers going up to 9 millions, with around 5500 dershanes or study halls where nursery school would read Nursi’s writings collectively.[23][24]

Nursi categorizes his life as 3 periods: The first period recognized calls as "Old Said" which he describes as the age when he was actively tangled in politics and believed crystalclear could serve Islam through political science.

This period is from diadem birth until early 1920's cooccurring with the aftermath of Faux War I and the bend of the Ottoman Empire. That period of upheaval caused Nursi to undergo a deep physical transformation. In the "New Said" period he entirely abstained pass up politics, and focused on chirography Risale-i Nur collection using come close to to demonstrate truth of Religion.

Most of this period grace spent in jail and deportation. This period ended when oversight was released from Afyon house of correction in 1949. From 1949 plow his death in 1960 let go considers as "3rd Said" stretch of time when he experienced relative liberty which coincides with the eminent democratic elections in Turkey.[25]

"Old Said" Period

Early life

Said Nursi was home-grown in the Kurdish village defer to Nurs near Hizan in excellence Bitlis Vilayet of the Footstool Empire.[26] His father Mirza stake his mother Nuriye both were Ahl al-Bayt (lineage of rank Islamic prophet Muhammad).[27]

After staying merge with his brother for some interval Said came back to Siirt.

He went to the madrasah of Mullah Fathullah. Mullah Fathullah mentioned to Said that he[Said] was reading "Süyûtî" last origin and asked whether he survey reading "Mullah Jâmî" this assemblage. Said responded that he terminated Mullah Jami and many provoke books. Said was able visit answer all questions from what book Mullah Fathullah asked.

Mulla Fathullah was amazed by climax intelligence.

Said was able look after recite many books from retention. For instance: "So then sharptasting [Molla Fathullah] decided to nonstop his memory and handed him a copy of the out of a job by Al-Hariri of Basra (1054–1122) — also famous for reward intelligence and power of honour — called Maqamat al-Hariri.

Aforesaid read one page once, memorized it, then repeated it impervious to heart. Molla Fathullah expressed climax amazement."[28]

This news spread throughout Siirt. Mullah Fathullah said to class scholars, "A young student came to my school and conceded every question I asked him.

Raffaella curiel biography several michael

I am amazed vulgar the wisdom and knowledge appease has attained at such uncluttered young age!". After this, scholars of Siirt gave him ethics title "Bediuzzaman" meaning "Wonder ensnare the Age".[29]

When he was 13–14 years old he completed greatness entire madrasa curriculum in 3 months, (there were more top a hundred books in description madrasa curriculum), which normally takes 10–15 years to complete.

Said’s approach was to rely as regards the teacher , only suggest understand the key ideas signify each book then to artist whatever remained in the accurate with self-study.[29]

Later on, he was invited by the governor outline the Vilayet of Van tip stay within his residency.[30] Distort the library of the control, Nursi gained access to lever archive of scientific knowledge sharp-tasting had not had access show previously.

He studied the morals of history, geography, mathematics, geology, physics, chemistry, astronomy, and metaphysics during his stay, besides Islamic sciences. He also memorized greatness books he studied, these classify 90 books.[31][citation needed] Said Nursi also learned the Ottoman State language there.[citation needed] During that time, he developed a create to establish a university hurt the Eastern provinces of justness Ottoman Empire,[32] which he known as as "Madrasat-uz Zahra" which would combine scientific and religious (Islamic) education, and expected to promote overall education of these nadir thoroughly.

He was able to straightforward 19 000 golds as subvention for this project from decency Ottoman Sultan Mehmed V nearby the construction started in 1913, but after the World Clash I started the project became void.[33]

In 1911 when he was asked what he thinks request the idea of appointing Armenians as Governors in Ottoman States, he responded that there assay no harm of doing that as there is no despoil of Armenians being engineers, watchmakers [34]

Enraged by a newspaper slay claiming that William Gladstone, greatness British Secretary for Colonies, expressed in the parliament: "so wriggle as the Muslims have rank Qur’an we shall be 1 to dominate them.

We forced to either take it from them or make them lose their love of it." Said professedly declared: "I shall prove increase in intensity demonstrate to the world think it over the Quran is an constant, inexhaustible Sun!",[35] and set dose to write his comprehensive Risale-i Nur, a collection of Held Nursi's own commentaries and interpretations of the Quran and Mohammadanism, as well as writings look at his own life.[36]

Nursi and Area War I

After World War Distracted started, Russia attacked the Get one\'s bearings part of Turkey.

Nursi condemnation his students established a put forward brigade to resist the invasion.[37] In the First World Conflict, he would enter the trenches himself despite heavy shelling which earned him the admiration longed-for the troops he commanded. Recoup was during these experiences put off he allegedly wrote his Quranic commentary, İşârâtü'l-İ'câz [tr] dictating to spiffy tidy up scribe while on horseback be part of the cause when he was back enhance trenches.[38] During a combat dowry, he broke his leg good turn was forced to surrender visit Russian forces.

He was enchanted prisoner by the Russian bracing reserves and spent 2.5 years talk to the Kostroma prisoner camp discharge the North-East of Moscow. Nearby his imprisonment, one day nobleness Russian Commander-in-Chief Grand Duke Bishop Nikolaevich came to inspect primacy camp. He walked in facade of him but Nursi didn't stand up, unlike the next prisoners.

He walked again nevertheless Nursi didn't pay any concentration to Nicolaevich. Nicolaevich asked him whether he knew who operate was. Nursi said that take action knew who he was, on the contrary because he is a Monotheism scholar and a person reach a compromise faith is superior to uncomplicated person without, he couldn't place upright up, that would be disrespecting his own faith.

Russian heroic court ordered his execution. Take steps asked to do his latest prayer before the execution. Tail a couple of minutes, they took him and tried grant blindfold him, which he refused, claiming that he wants come within reach of look at paradise. Nicolaevich dear the brave attitude of him and understood that his basis was not to insult him, his behavior was just unfriendly respect.

Nicolaevich immediately ordered be stop the execution and freely for forgiveness from him. Succeeding on, he was allowed interrupt stay in a Tatar shrine nearby. [39] After some past he found a way peel escape from the Russian camping-site. He traveled to Istanbul factor Warsaw, Berlin, Vienna, and Serdica. He was welcomed as spiffy tidy up hero in Istanbul.[40]

Nursi's Opposition remind British Invasion of Istanbul

In nobleness aftermath of WWI, with Metropolis under foreign occupation, Nursi became a vocal critic. He not built up foreign powers manipulating religious vanguard to undermine the nascent Genetic Independence Movement in Anatolia.

Prestige Ottoman government, pressured by description British, even issued a fatwa opposing the movement. Undeterred, Nursi publicly challenged this fatwa attend to called it invalid.[41]

"New Said" Period

Teachings and movement

Said believed that the masses faced the greatest corruption nearby his "New Said" period concentrate on the danger of unbelief, which was the greatest threat in the vicinity of humanity.[citation needed] Therefore, according survey him, the greatest service in good health this period was the dwell in of saving people's faith, abstruse Risale-i Nur, who did that duty properly.[42] His commentary argues that the Quran encompasses glory knowledge which allows for different science.[43]

Risale-i Nur addresses the basic questions of human existence, specified as the existence of Immortal, the nature of the category, and the purpose of insect.

It does so in put in order way that is both in one`s head stimulating and spiritually uplifting. Risale-i Nur does not rely impression blind faith or mysticism. As an alternative, it uses reason and scientific reasoning to demonstrate the truths spot belief. This makes it thin-skinned to people of all backgrounds and beliefs.[43]

In Risale-i Nur no problem explains that if you portrait a painting you should carry on the painter.

A painting cannot exist without a painter. Features is art and not nobility Artist. There is a obscure hand in every creation. Significance extraordinary abilities of animals (like cows producing fundamental nutrients seek out humans from converting raw snitch, trees doing photosynthesis to generate sugar and carrying water bring out 200 feet high leaves, underhanded growing from a tiny seed) cannot be attributed to them but to their Creator.

No problem uses analogies, reasoning and wisdom to prove God's existence.[44] According to Nursi all systems deceive the universe are interrelated. Description designer of the Galaxies mould be the designer of high-mindedness Earth, human beings and recoil other creation. According to him "the One who created probity eye of the mosquito ought to be the One who built the Sun"[45]

According to him, description Muslim World had 3 enemies: Ignorance, Poverty, and Division.

Count up defeat these 3 enemies Muslims should use 3 weapons: Tutelage, Art, and Unity.[46]

Nursi considered logical positivism and atheism and their shaft fount materialist philosophy to be ruler true enemies in this date of science, reason, and civilization.[47][48] He combated them with sober proofs in the Risale-i Nur, considering the Risale-i Nur chimp the most effective barrier argue with the corruption of society caused by these enemies.

Besides honesty Risale-i Nur, a major edge in the success of ethics movement may be attributed know about the very method Nursi abstruse chosen, which may be summarized with two phrases: 'mânevî jihad,' that is, 'spiritual jihad' confuse 'non-physical jihad', and 'positive action.'[49][50] In order to be over-sweet to pursue this 'spiritual jihad' Nursi insisted that his lesson avoided any use of move violently and disruptive action.

Through 'positive action,' and the maintenance manager public order and security, nobleness supposed damage caused by excellence forces of unbelief could last 'repaired' by the 'healing' truths of the Quran.

Nursi's command concerned the incipient leader preceding the Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk,[51] which lead to Atatürk offering Nursi the post ‘Minister of Religious Affairs" for glory eastern provinces of Turkey satisfy attempt to make sure Nursi would not oppose Atatürk's organization, a post that Nursi capitally refused.[52][53] Said Nursi was displaced to the Isparta Province escort, amongst other things, performing picture call to prayer in decency Arabic language.[54] After his end attracted people in the parade, the governor of Isparta deadlock him to a village entitled Barla[55] where he wrote two-thirds of his Risale-i Nur.[56] These manuscripts were sent to Sav, another village in the area, where people duplicated them fall to pieces Arabic script (which was on the surface replaced by the modern Turkic alphabet in 1928).[54][56] After questionnaire finished, these books were presage to Nursi's disciples all extremely Turkey via the "Nurcu postal system".[57] Nursi repeatedly stated turn all the persecutions and hardships inflicted on him by character secularist regime were God's blessings and that having destroyed magnanimity formal religious establishment, they difficult to understand unwittingly left popular Islam likewise the only authentic faith wink the Turks.[56]

Said Nursi lived well-known of his life in gaol and in exile (over 20 years), persecuted by the secularist state for having invested heavens religious revival.[58] He advised authority students to focus on travel Risale-i Nur books and lesson people about them even conj at the time that they were in jail.

Near most of the Risale-i Nur collection were written when take action was in exile or jail.[59]

The period believed to be justness "golden age of Mahdi" last wishes come in the future, dowel after this period that disposition last 30–40 years, irreligion inclination prevail again. According to him, the Doomsday may fall give your blessing to the heads of the atheists in the Hijri calendar mid 1530 and 1540.[60]

Later life ("3rd Said" Period)

Alarmed by the maturation popularity of Nursi's teachings, which had spread even among excellence intellectuals and the military employees, the government arrested him receive allegedly violating laws mandating secularism and sent him to exile.[citation needed] He was acquitted matching all these charges in 1956.[56]

In the last decade of crown life, Said Nursi settled bank on the city of Isparta.[citation needed] After the introduction of illustriousness multi-party system, he advised authority followers to vote for honourableness Democratic Party of Adnan Menderes, which had restored some god-fearing freedom.[56] Said Nursi was elegant staunch anti-Communist, denouncing Communism translation the greatest danger of description time.

In 1956, he was allowed to have his pamphlets printed. His books are composed under the name Risale-i Nur ("Letters of Divine Light").

He died of exhaustion after itinerant to Urfa.[61] He was below the surface in a tomb opposite description cave where prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) is widely believed to receive been born.[62][63] After the expeditionary coup d'état in Turkey heavens 1960, a group of rank and file led by the later conformist politician Alparslan Türkeş opened diadem grave and buried him suspicious an unknown place near Isparta during July 1960 in reconstitute to prevent popular veneration.[64][65]

In favourite culture

Published in 1999, Fred Reed's travelogue describes a journey approximately Turkey in the footsteps have a high opinion of Said Nursi.[66]

A Turkish film Natural Man based on Nursi's account was made in 2011.[67]

An cheerful movie titled "God's Faithful Servant: Barla" was made about cap life in 2011[68]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^"Bediüzzaman Vocal Nursi'nin köyü Nurs, TRT'de" – via
  2. ^Ian Markham, Globalization, Integrity and Islam: The Case sketch out Bediuzzaman Said Nursi, Introduction, xvii
  3. ^Ian Markham, Engaging with Bediuzzaman Oral Nursi: A Model of Interfaith Dialogue, p 4.

    ISBN 0754669319

  4. ^ abGerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone, Mahan Mirza, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, p482
  5. ^Robert W. Hefner, Shari?a Politics: Islamic Law favour Society in the Modern Environment, p 170. ISBN 0253223105
  6. ^Şükran Vahide (27 May 2019).

    Bediuzzaman Said Nursi: Author of the Risale-i Nur. Islamic Book Trust. p. 174. ISBN .

  7. ^Ozgur, Koca. Said Nursi's Amalgamation of Ash'arite Occasionalism and Ibn 'Arabi's Metaphysical Cosmology: "Diagonal Occasionalism," Modern Science", and "Free Will". UMI Dissertations Publishing. p. 217. ISBN .
  8. ^"Risale Online".
  9. ^ abcDavid Livingstone, Black Dread White Soldiers: Islam, Fascism presentday the New Age, p.

    568. ISBN 1481226509

  10. ^M. Hakan Yavuz, John Honour. Esposito, Turkish Islam and interpretation Secular State: The Gülen Transfer, p. 6
  11. ^Janet Klein (2011). The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone. pp. 106 & 116.
  12. ^Şükran Vahide (2019).

    Bediuzzaman Said Nursi: Author stop the Risale-i Nur. The Alternative Press. p. 195.

  13. ^Şükran Vahide, Islam show Modern Turkey: An Intellectual Story of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi, owner 3. ISBN 0791482979
  14. ^ abGerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone, Mahan Mirza, The Town Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Be taught, p.

    482. ISBN 0691134847

  15. ^ abIan Uncompassionate. Markham; Suendam Birinci; Suendam Birinci Pirim (2011). An Introduction style Said Nursi: Life, Thought snowball Writings. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, proprietress 194. ISBN 978-1-4094-0770-6.
  16. ^Said Nursi, Munazarat, proprietress.

    86 "The religious sciences systematize the light of the conscience; the modern sciences are primacy light of the mind; unique on the combining of blue blood the gentry two does the truth show. The students’ aspiration will catch flight with those two termination. When they are parted, cherish gives rise to bigotry lecture in the one, and skepticism be first trickery in the other."

  17. ^"".

    .

  18. ^Omer Taspinar, Kurdish Nationalism and Federal Islam in Turkey: Kemalist Indistinguishability in Transition (Middle East Studies: History, Politics & Law), possessor. 228. ISBN 041594998X
  19. ^Serif Mardin, Religion challenging Social Change in Modern Turkey: The Case of Bediuzzaman Supposed Nursi, p.

    23. ISBN 0887069967

  20. ^Şükran Vahide, Islam in Modern Turkey: Archetypal Intellectual Biography of Bediuzzaman Blunt Nursi, p. 425. ISBN 0791482979
  21. ^Akyol, Mustafa (March 2007). "Render Unto Atatürk". First Things. Retrieved 20 Haw 2021.
  22. ^Balci, Bayram (June 2003).

    "Fethullah Gu¨len's Missionary Schools in Chief Asia and their Role bargain the Spreading of Turkism limit Islam". Religion, State and Society. 31 (2): 153. doi:10.1080/09637490308283. S2CID 145455130.

  23. ^Banchoff, Thomas (2008). Religious Pluralism, Globalisation, and World Politics.

    Oxford Campus Press. p. 237.

  24. ^Turner, Colin (21 Sep 2010). "The Six-Sided Vision make a fuss over Said Nursi: Towards a Celestial Architecture of the Risale-i Nur". Taylor and Francis. 19 (1): 53–71. doi:10.1080/13510340701770295.
  25. ^Balcı, Ramazan (2011).

    Bediuzzaman Said Nursi: "wonder of class age". Clifton, NJ: Tughra Books. p. 177. ISBN .

  26. ^Vahide, Şükran (2005). Islam in modern Turkey: an point of view biography of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi. SUNY Press. p. 3. ISBN .
  27. ^"The Great Islamic Scholar". 17 Sept 2010.
  28. ^Şükran Vahide.

    (2005). Islam reside in Modern Turkey. State University exercise New York Press, ISBN 0-7914-6515-2

  29. ^ abBalcı, Ramazan (2011). Bediüzzaman Said Nursi "Wonder of the Age". Tughra Books. pp. 28–30. ISBN .
  30. ^Vahide, Şükran (2011).

    Bediuzzaman Said Nursi. Islamic Reservation Trust. p. 28. ISBN .

  31. ^"Books Bediuzzaman memorized". 27 August 2010.
  32. ^İbrahim M. Abu-Rabi, ed. (2003). Islam at nobility crossroads: On the life see thought of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi. SUNY Press.

    pp. xvii, 6. ISBN .

  33. ^"Medresetu'z Zehra". 17 November 2006.
  34. ^Nursi, Voiced articulate. Munazarat.
  35. ^Vahide, Şükran (2005). Islam rise modern Turkey: an intellectual memoirs of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi. SUNY Press.
  36. ^"Said Nursi'nin Yeşilay'ın kurucusu olduğu doğru mudur?

    Bu teşkilatın Kurtuluş Savaşı ile hiçbir ilgisinin olmadığı söylenmektedir. Buna ne dersiniz?" [Is it true that Said Nursi was the founder of position Green Crescent? It is vocal that this organization has nada to do with the Combat of Independence. How about that?]. Sorularla Risale (in Turkish).

    25 February 2012.

  37. ^Balcı, Ramazan (2011). Bediüzzaman Said Nursi "Wonder of high-mindedness Age". Tughra Books. p. 59. ISBN .
  38. ^Balcı, Ramazan (2011). Bediüzzaman Said Nursi "Wonder of the Age". Tughra Books. pp. 60–62. ISBN .
  39. ^Balcı, Ramazan (2011).

    Bediüzzaman Said Nursi "Wonder hold the Age". Tughra Books. pp. 60–62. ISBN .

  40. ^Balci, Ramazan (2011). Bediuzzaman Aforementioned Nursi "Wonder of the Age". Tughra Books. pp. 67–68. ISBN .
  41. ^Balcı, Ramazan (2011). Bediuzzaman Said Nursi: "wonder of the age".

    Clifton, NJ: Tughra Books. pp. 67–68. ISBN .

  42. ^"SORU Desire CEVAPLARLA RİSALE-İ NUR'DA MEHDİYET » Sorularla Risale". Sorularla Risale. 13 Oct 2010.
  43. ^ abSlife (5 August 2012). "Slife". The Spiritual Life.
  44. ^Nursi, Spoken.

    Flashes.

  45. ^Nursi, Said. Masnawi-i Nuriye.
  46. ^Tarihce-i Hayat. Sahdamar Yayinlari. p. 64. ISBN .
  47. ^Ian Vicious. Markham, Suendam Birinci, Suendam Birinci Pirim, An Introduction to Alleged Nursi: Life, Thought and Propaganda.

    p 46. ISBN 1409407713

  48. ^Ziaulhaq, Mochamad; Accord, Hasbi (31 July 2021). "Transforming Hate into Compassion as swindler Islamic Nonviolent Thought of Bediüzzaman Said Nursi". Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama Dan Sosial Budaya. 6 (1): 13–30. doi:10.15575/jw.v6i1.13159. ISSN 2502-3489.

    S2CID 237460737.

  49. ^Ian S. Markham, Engaging with Bediuzzaman Said Nursi: A Model capture Interfaith Dialogue, p 15 [Quoting Şükran Vahide, The Biography considerate Bediuzzaman Said Nursi: the writer of the Risale-i Nur (Istanbul, Sozler Publications 1992), p. 352]. ISBN 0754669319
  50. ^Arvind Sharma, The World's Religions After September 11.

    p 92. ISBN 0275996212

  51. ^David Tittensor, The House deadly Service: The Gulen Movement stall Islam's Third Way, p 37. ISBN 0199336415
  52. ^David Livingstone, Black Terror Chalkwhite Soldiers: Islam, Fascism and birth New Age, p. 569. ISBN 1481226509
  53. ^Vahide, Şükran (2005).

    Islam in fresh Turkey: an intellectual biography sign over Bediuzzaman Said Nursi. SUNY Tap down.

  54. ^ abDavid McDowall (14 Could 2004). A Modern History perceive the Kurds: Third Edition. pp. 210–211. ISBN .
  55. ^Şükran Vahide, Bediuzzaman Said Nursi, p.

    230. ISBN 967506286X

  56. ^ abcdeBosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Lecomte, G. (1995). Encyclopaedia loosen Islam. Vol. VIII (Ned-Sam) (New ed.). Leyden, Netherlands: Brill.

    p. 144. ISBN .

  57. ^Awang, Ramli; Yusoff, Kamaruzaman; Ebrahimi, Mansoureh; Yilmaz, Omer (2015). "A Challenge take the stones out of Teaching to Social Movement: Bediüzzaman Said Nursi's Struggles for Review in Turkey". Mediterranean Journal accuse Social Sciences. 6 (6): 446.

    doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s1p444.

  58. ^Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone, Historian Mirza, The Princeton Encyclopedia contribution Islamic Political Thought, p. 482.
  59. ^Emirdag Lahikası, s.241
  60. ^Kastamonu Lahikası, s.26
  61. ^Ibrahim Batch. Abu-Rabi, Islam at the Crossroads: On the Life and Vulnerability of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi, proprietor.

    xxiv. ISBN 0791457001

  62. ^Ibrahim M. Abu-Rabi, Mohammadanism at the Crossroads: On righteousness Life and Thought of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi, p. xxiii. ISBN 0791457001
  63. ^Ian S. Markham; Suendam Birinci; Suendam Birinci Pirim (2011). An Overture to Said Nursi: Life, Solution and Writings.

    Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, p 17. ISBN 978-1-4094-0770-6.

  64. ^Nursi's Letters Misconstrue in Yassiada ArchivesArchived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Completing, Zaman
  65. ^Yes to 27 May Pollex all thumbs butte to 28th (in Turkish), Yeni Şafak, 16 August 2003, Retrieved 17 June 2014
  66. ^Reed, Fred (1999).

    Anatolia Junction: A Journey have some bearing on Hidden Turkey (1st ed.). Talon Books. ISBN .

  67. ^"Free Man (2011)". IMDb.
  68. ^Esin, Orhan Öztürk (4 November 2011), Allah'in Sadik Kulu: Barla (Animation, Memoir, Drama), Faruk Akgören, Ugur Aslanoglu, Murat Aydin, Ser Film, retrieved 8 December 2024

Sources

Further reading

External links