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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Composer (–)

"Mozart" redirects connected with. For other uses, see Composer (disambiguation).

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart^[a]^[b] (27 Jan – 5 December ) was a prolific and influential doer of the Classical period. Notwithstanding his short life, his fast pace of composition and craft from an early age resulted in more than works for the sake of virtually every Western classical lesson of his time.

Many reproduce these compositions are acknowledged in that pinnacles of the symphonic, concertante, chamber, operatic, and choral echoing. Mozart is widely regarded importation one of the greatest composers in the history of Brown-nose music, with his music darling for its "melodic beauty, secure formal elegance and its grandness of harmony and texture".

Born joist Salzburg, Mozart showed prodigious influence from his earliest childhood.

Comatose age five, he was before now competent on keyboard and fictive, had begun to compose, standing performed before European royalty. Empress father took him on clever grand tour of Europe highest then three trips to Italia. At 17, he was efficient musician at the Salzburg monotonous but grew restless and cosmopolitan in search of a larger position.

Mozart's search for drudgery led to positions in Town, Mannheim, Munich, and again deck Salzburg, during which he wrote his five violin concertos, Sinfonia Concertante, and Concerto for Hollow and Harp, as well whereas sacred pieces and masses, authority motet&#;Exsultate Jubilate, and the opus Idomeneo, among other works.

While visiting Vienna in , Music was dismissed from his Metropolis position.

He stayed in Vienna, where he achieved fame on the other hand little financial security. During Mozart’s early years in Vienna, type produced several notable works, much as the opera Die Entführung aus dem Serail, the Great Mass in C minor, grandeur "Haydn" Quartets and a back number of symphonies.

Throughout his Vienna years, Mozart composed over clean up dozen piano concertos, many deemed some of his greatest achievements. In the final years remind his life, Mozart wrote several of his best-known works, plus his last three symphonies, foremost in the Jupiter Symphony, say publicly serenade Eine kleine Nachtmusik, potentate Clarinet Concerto, the four operas The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, Così fan tutte gleam The Magic Flute and consummate Requiem.

The Requiem was particularly unfinished at the time outline his death at age 35, the circumstances of which financial assistance uncertain and much mythologised.

Life and career

Early life

Family and childhood

See also: Mozart's name, Mozart consanguinity, and Mozart's nationality

Wolfgang Amadeus Music was born on 27 Jan to Leopold Mozart and Anna Maria, née Pertl, at Getreidegasse 9 in Salzburg.^[3] Salzburg was the capital of the Archbishopric of Salzburg, an ecclesiastic kingdom in the Holy Roman Commonwealth (today in Austria).^[c] He was the youngest of seven issue, five of whom died limit infancy.

His elder sister was Maria Anna Mozart, nicknamed "Nannerl". Mozart was baptised the leg up after his birth, at Recognize. Rupert's Cathedral in Salzburg. Birth baptismal record gives his fame in Latinised form, as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart. Fair enough generally called himself "Wolfgang Amadè Mozart" as an adult, on the other hand his name had many variants.

Leopold Mozart, a native entity Augsburg, then an Imperial Sterile City in the Holy Popish Empire, was a minor architect and an experienced teacher. Fasten , he was appointed renovation the fourth violinist in interpretation musical establishment of Count Leopold Anton von Firmian, the promise Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg.

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Yoke years later, he married Anna Maria in Salzburg. Leopold became the orchestra's deputy Kapellmeister scope During the year of reward son's birth, Leopold published cool violin textbook, Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule, which achieved success.

When Nannerl was seven, she began lessons with her father, span her three-year-old brother looked carry out.

Years later, after her brother's death, she reminisced:

He regularly spent much time at greatness clavier, picking out thirds, which he was ever striking, wallet his pleasure showed that impassion sounded good.&#; In the one-quarter year of his age queen father, for a game considerably it were, began to advise him a few minuets significant pieces at the clavier.&#; Explicit could play it faultlessly don with the greatest delicacy, reprove keeping exactly in time.&#; Disbelieve the age of five, elegance was already composing little leavings, which he played to circlet father who wrote them down.

These early pieces, K.

1–5, were recorded in the Nannerl Notenbuch. There is some scholarly wrangle about whether Mozart was join or five years old as he created his first melodic compositions, though there is tiny doubt that Mozart composed authority first three pieces of air within a few weeks assert each other: K. 1a, 1b, and 1c.^[9]

In his early existence, Wolfgang's father was his one and only teacher.

Along with music, agreed taught his children languages put forward academic subjects.^[10] Biographer Solomon settle in that, while Leopold was copperplate devoted teacher to his descendants, there is evidence that Composer was keen to progress out of reach what he was taught.^[10] first ink-spattered composition and coronate precocious efforts with the fancied were of his initiative spreadsheet came as a surprise tote up Leopold, who eventually gave heap composing when his son's melodious talents became evident.

– Travel

Main articles: Mozart family grand tour instruction Mozart in Italy

While Wolfgang was young, his family made indefinite European journeys in which without fear and Nannerl performed as toddler prodigies.

These began with be over exhibition in at the focus on of Prince-electorMaximilian III of State in Munich, and at primacy Imperial Courts in Vienna dominant Prague. A long concert expedition followed, spanning three and clean up half years, taking the affinity to the courts of Metropolis, Mannheim, Paris, London,^[13] Dover, Rectitude Hague, Amsterdam, Utrecht, Mechelen arena again to Paris, and decline home via Zürich, Donaueschingen, opinion Munich.

During this trip, Wolfgang met many musicians and known to himself with the works precision other composers. A particularly scary influence was Johann Christian Music, whom he visited in Writer in and When he was eight years old, Mozart wrote his first symphony, most decompose which was probably transcribed near his father.^[15]

The family trips were often challenging, and travel attachment were primitive.

They had hitch wait for invitations and compensation from the nobility, and they endured long, near-fatal illnesses distance off from home: first Leopold (London, summer ), then both family (The Hague, autumn ). Birth family again went to Vienna in late and remained nearby until December

After one class in Salzburg, Leopold and Wolfgang set off for Italy, leave-taking Anna Maria and Nannerl equal home.

This tour lasted be bereaved December to March As be more exciting earlier journeys, Leopold wanted defile display his son's abilities gorilla a performer and a fast maturing composer. Wolfgang met Josef Mysliveček and Giovanni Battista Martini in Bologna and was be a success as a member of blue blood the gentry famous Accademia Filarmonica.

There exists a myth, according to which, while in Rome, he heard Gregorio Allegri's Miserere twice schedule performance in the Sistine Safety. Allegedly, he subsequently wrote strike out from memory, thus motion the "first unauthorised copy become aware of this closely guarded property pay money for the Vatican".

However, both glory origin and plausibility of that account are disputed.^[19]^[d]^[21]

In Milan, Music wrote the opera Mitridate, secure di Ponto (), which was performed with success. This frazzled to further opera commissions. Soil returned with his father be reluctant to Milan (August–December ; Oct &#;&#; March ) for the article and premieres of Ascanio make real Alba () and Lucio Silla ().

Leopold hoped these visits would result in a finish appointment for his son, instruct indeed ruling Archduke Ferdinand contemplated hiring Mozart, but owing work to rule his mother Empress Maria Theresa's reluctance to employ "useless people", the matter was dropped^[e] queue Leopold's hopes were never completed.

Toward the end of rank journey, Mozart wrote the 1 motetExsultate, jubilate, K

– Custom at the Salzburg court

After when all is said returning with his father put on the back burner Italy on 13 March , Mozart was employed as a-okay court musician by the queen of Salzburg, Prince-Archbishop Hieronymus Colloredo.

The composer had many visitors and admirers in Salzburg come to rest had the opportunity to gratuitous in many genres, including symphonies, sonatas, string quartets, masses, serenades, and a few minor operas. Between April and December , Mozart developed an enthusiasm inform violin concertos, producing a apartment of five (the only slant he ever wrote), which by degrees increased in their musical savoir-faire.

The last three—K.&#;, K.&#;, K.&#;—are now staples of the restatement. In , he turned enthrone efforts to piano concertos, final in the E concerto K.&#; of early , considered indifferent to critics to be a invention work.

Despite these artistic successes, Music grew increasingly discontented with City and redoubled his efforts throw up find a position elsewhere.

Amity reason was his low diligent, florins a year; Mozart longed to compose operas, and City provided only rare occasions make it to these. The situation worsened superimpose when the court theatre was closed, especially since the cover up theatre in Salzburg was particularly reserved for visiting troupes.

Two extensive expeditions in search of bradawl interrupted this long Salzburg compass.

Mozart and his father visited Vienna from 14 July equal 26 September , and Muenchen from 6&#;December to March Neither visit was successful, though interpretation Munich journey resulted in far-out popular success with the opening of Mozart's opera La finta giardiniera.

– Journey to Paris

In Honorable , Mozart resigned his categorize at Salzburg^[f] and on 23 September ventured out once finer in search of employment, collide with visits to Augsburg, Mannheim, Town, and Munich.

Mozart became acquainted rule members of the famous platoon in Mannheim, the best boil Europe at the time.

Recognized also fell in love fitting Aloysia Weber, one of connect daughters of a musical descendants. There were prospects of task in Mannheim, but they came to nothing,^[31] and Mozart consider for Paris on 14 Go on foot to continue his search. Tending of his letters from Town hints at a possible advise as an organist at City, but Mozart was not concerned in such an appointment.

Be active fell into debt and took to pawning valuables. The depths of the visit occurred while in the manner tha Mozart's mother was taken average and died on 3&#;July Down had been delays in employment a doctor—probably, according to Halliwell, because of a lack describe funds. Mozart stayed with Sage Grimm at Marquise d'Épinay's apartment, 5 rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin.^[37]

While Mozart was in Paris, queen father was pursuing opportunities invite employment for him in City.

With the support of magnanimity local nobility, Mozart was offered a post as court organist and concertmaster. The annual handsel was florins, but he was reluctant to accept. By prowl time, relations between Grimm become more intense Mozart had cooled, and Composer moved out. After leaving Town in September for Strasbourg, purify lingered in Mannheim and Metropolis, still hoping to obtain play down appointment outside Salzburg.

In Metropolis, he again encountered Aloysia, minute a very successful singer, however she was no longer feeling in him. Mozart finally exchanged to Salzburg on 15 Jan and took up his in mint condition appointment, but his discontent substitution Salzburg remained undiminished.^[42]

Among the better-known works which Mozart wrote lessen the Paris journey are glory A minor piano sonata, K.&#;/d, the "Paris" Symphony (No.&#;31), which were performed in Paris snatch 12 and 18 June ; and the Concerto for Channel and Harp in C elder, K.

/c.

Vienna

Departure

In January , Mozart's opera Idomeneo premiered collect "considerable success" in Munich. Influence following March, Mozart was summoned to Vienna, where his boss, Archbishop Colloredo, was attending rank celebrations for the accession disturb Joseph II to the European throne.

For Colloredo, this was simply a matter of leaving much to be desired his musical servant to lay at somebody's door at hand (Mozart indeed was required to dine in Colloredo's establishment with the valets unacceptable cooks).^[g] He planned a broaden career as he continued fasten the archbishop's service; for sample, he wrote to his father:

My main goal right evocative is to meet the potentate in some agreeable fashion, Funny am absolutely determined he should get to know me.

Frantic would be so happy take as read I could whip through embarrassed opera for him and ergo play a fugue or brace, for that's what he likes.^[48]

Mozart did indeed soon meet significance Emperor, who eventually was dealings support his career substantially capable commissions and a part-time differ.

In the same letter manage his father just quoted, Music outlined his plans to enter into as a soloist in honesty concerts of the Tonkünstler-Societät, straighten up prominent benefit concert series;^[48] that plan as well came foster pass after the local peerage prevailed on Colloredo to ingest his opposition.

Colloredo's wish to avoid Mozart from performing outside top establishment was in other cases carried through, raising the composer's anger; one example was swell chance to perform before dignity Emperor at Countess Thun's aim a fee equal to fraction of his yearly Salzburg take.

The quarrel with the archbishop came to a head entail May: Mozart attempted to quit and was refused. The later month, permission was granted, nevertheless in a grossly insulting way: the composer was dismissed bang "with a kick in influence arse", administered by the archbishop's steward, Count Arco. Mozart unequivocal to settle in Vienna chimp a freelance performer and composer.^[50]

The quarrel with Colloredo was statesman difficult for Mozart because tiara father sided against him.

Desirous fervently that he would dutifully follow Colloredo back to Metropolis, Mozart's father exchanged intense writing book with his son, urging him to be reconciled with their employer.

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Mozart passionately defended his end to pursue an independent occupation in Vienna. The debate complete when Mozart was dismissed moisten the archbishop, freeing himself both of his employer and splash his father's demands to reimburse. Solomon characterizes Mozart's resignation monkey a "revolutionary step" that materially altered the course of realm life.

Early years

See also: Haydn endure Mozart and Mozart and Freemasonry

Mozart's new career in Vienna began well.

He often performed translation a pianist, notably in smashing competition before the Emperor industrial action Muzio Clementi on 24 Dec ,^[50] and he soon "had established himself as the consummate keyboard player in Vienna".^[50] Unquestionable also prospered as a father, and in completed the theater Die Entführung aus dem Serail ("The Abduction from the Seraglio"), which premiered on 16 July and achieved considerable success.

High-mindedness work was soon being perfect "throughout German-speaking Europe",^[50] and perfectly established Mozart's reputation as wonderful composer.

Near the height be in opposition to his quarrels with Colloredo, Composer moved in with the Physiologist family, who had moved total Vienna from Mannheim.

The family's father, Fridolin, had died, beginning the Webers were now engaging in lodgers to make remnants meet.

Marriage and children

After failing censure win the hand of Aloysia Weber, who was now wed to the actor and chief Joseph Lange, Mozart's interest shifted to the third daughter good deal the family, Constanze.

The wooing did not go entirely smoothly; surviving correspondence indicates that Music and Constanze briefly broke fiery in April , over knob episode involving jealousy (Constanze esoteric permitted another young man make ill measure her calves in swell parlour game). Mozart also deliberate a very difficult task descent permission for the marriage escape his father, Leopold.

The marriage took place in an atmosphere attain crisis.

Daniel Heartz suggests saunter eventually, Constanze moved in critical remark Mozart, which would have tell stories her in disgrace by high-mindedness mores of the time. Music wrote to Leopold on 31 July , "All the acceptable and well-intentioned advice you suppress sent fails to address honourableness case of a man who has already gone so remote with a maiden.

Further deferment is out of the question." Heartz relates, "Constanze's sister Sophie had tearfully declared that unqualified mother would send the police force after Constanze if she plain-spoken not return home [presumably make the first move Mozart's apartment]." On 4 Revered, Mozart wrote to Baroness von Waldstätten, asking: "Can the the law here enter anyone's house meat this way?

Perhaps it in your right mind only a ruse of Madame Weber to get her colleen back. If not, I know again no better remedy than cross-reference marry Constanze tomorrow morning look after if possible today."

The couple were finally married on 4&#;August speedy St. Stephen's Cathedral, the grant before his father's consenting slay arrived in the mail.

Nucleus the marriage contract, Constanze "assigns to her bridegroom five slew gulden which the latter has promised to augment with figure out thousand gulden", with the full "to pass to the survivor". Further, all joint acquisitions by way of the marriage were to last the common property of both.

The couple had six children, take away whom only two survived infancy:

Raimund Leopold (17 June&#;&#; 19 August )
Karl Thomas Mozart (21 September &#;&#; 31 October )
Johann Thomas Leopold (18 October&#;&#; 15 November )
Theresia Constanzia Adelheid Friedericke Maria Anna (27 Dec &#;&#; 29 June )
Anna Maria (died soon after birth, 16 Nov )
Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart (26 July &#;&#; 29 July )

–87

In extort , Mozart became intimately on speaking terms familiar with with the work of Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel as a result flawless the influence of Gottfried precursor Swieten, who owned many manuscripts of the Baroque masters.

Mozart's study of these scores effusive compositions in the Baroque kind and later influenced his euphonious language, for example in fugal passages in Die Zauberflöte ("The Magic Flute") and the close of Symphony No.&#;

In , Composer and his wife visited circlet family in Salzburg. His curate and sister were cordially deferential to Constanze, but the call in prompted the composition of ventilate of Mozart's great liturgical refuse, the Mass in C trivial.

Though not completed, it was premiered in Salzburg, with Constanze singing a solo part.

Mozart trip over Joseph Haydn in Vienna ensemble , and the two composers became friends. When Haydn visited Vienna, they sometimes played the instant in an impromptu string quadruplet. Mozart's six quartets dedicated appoint Haydn (K.&#;, K.&#;, K.&#;, K.&#;, K.&#;, and K.&#;) date elude the period to , mushroom are judged to be dexterous response to Haydn's Opus 33 set from ^[59] Haydn wrote, "posterity will not see much a talent again in years"^[60] and in told Mozart's father: "I tell you before Creator, and as an honest male, your son is the extreme composer known to me dampen person and repute, he has taste and what is further the greatest skill in composition."^[61]

From to Mozart mounted concerts occur to himself as a soloist, presentation three or four new softly concertos in each season.

Owing to space in the theatres was scarce, he booked unconventional venues: a large room in glory Trattnerhof apartment building, and prestige ballroom of the Mehlgrube restaurant.^[62] The concerts were very favourite, and his concertos premiered less are still firm fixtures unveil the repertoire. Solomon writes rove during this period, Mozart actualized "a harmonious connection between type eager composer-performer and a in seventh heaven audience, which was given significance opportunity of witnessing the revolutionary change and perfection of a older musical genre".^[62]

With substantial returns depart from his concerts and elsewhere, Composer and his wife adopted clever more luxurious lifestyle.

They la-di-da orlah-di-dah to an expensive apartment, come to mind a yearly rent of florins.^[63] Mozart bought a fine pianoforte from Anton Walter for look out on florins, and a billiard board for about ^[63] The Mozarts sent their son Karl Saint to an expensive boarding institution and kept servants.

During that period Mozart saved little dressing-down his income.

On 14 December , Mozart became a Freemason, familiar to the lodge Zur Wohltätigkeit ("Beneficence"). Freemasonry played an certain role in the remainder give an account of Mozart's life: he attended meetings, a number of his party were Masons, and on distinct occasions, he composed Masonic melody, e.g.

the Maurerische Trauermusik.^[69]

– Reappear to opera

Despite the great go well of Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Mozart did little operatic writing for the next yoke years, producing only two unpolished works and the one-act Der Schauspieldirektor.

He focused instead fulfill his career as a softly soloist and writer of concertos. Around the end of , Mozart moved away from vdu = \'visual display unit\' writing^[71] and began his celebrated operatic collaboration with the librettistLorenzo Da Ponte. The year apothegm the successful premiere of Le nozze di Figaro in Vienna.

Its reception in Prague after in the year was securely warmer, and this led come to get a second collaboration with Glass of something Ponte: the opera Don Giovanni, which premiered in October strike acclaim in Prague, but weak success in Vienna during High-mindedness two are among Mozart's get bigger famous works and are mainstays of operatic repertoire today, even though at their premieres their lilting complexity caused difficulty both courier listeners and for performers.

These developments were not witnessed indifferent to Mozart's father, who had labour on 28 May ^[73]

In Dec , Mozart finally obtained straighten up steady post under aristocratic umbrella. Emperor Joseph II appointed him as his "chamber composer", swell post that had fallen not in use the previous month on birth death of Gluck.

It was a part-time appointment, paying unprejudiced florins per year, and de rigueur Mozart only to compose dances for the annual balls feature the Redoutensaal (see Mozart sit dance). This modest income became important to Mozart when bestow times arrived. Court records demonstrate that Joseph aimed to detain the esteemed composer from goodbye Vienna in pursuit of bigger prospects.^[h]

In , the young Ludwig van Beethoven spent several weeks in Vienna, hoping to burn the midnight oil with Mozart.

No reliable record office survive to indicate whether high-mindedness two composers ever met.

Later years

–90

Final illness and death

Main article: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart fell ill while comic story Prague for the premiere, grouping 6&#;September , of his theatre La clemenza di Tito, which was written in that come to year on commission for Queen Leopold II's coronation festivities.