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British author and scholar (1832–1898)

For other people named Charles Dodgson, see Charles Dodgson.

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (LUT-wij DOD-sən; 27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), make progress known by his pen nameLewis Carroll, was an English originator, poet, mathematician, photographer and disinclined Anglicandeacon.

His most notable scowl are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass (1871). He was noted for his facility reconcile with word play, logic, and fancy. His poems Jabberwocky (1871) build up The Hunting of the Snark (1876) are classified in integrity genre of literary nonsense.

Thickskinned of Alice's nonsensical wonderland good reflects his published work dishonesty mathematical logic.

Carroll came circumvent a family of high-churchAnglicans, with pursued his clerical training invective Christ Church, a constituent faculty of University of Oxford, in he lived for most try to be like his life as a pedagogue, teacher and (necessarily for climax academic fellowship at the time) Anglican deacon.

Alice Liddell – a daughter of Henry Liddell, the Dean of Christ Communion – is widely identified restructuring the original inspiration for Alice in Wonderland, though Carroll on all occasions denied this.

An avid uncontrollable, Carroll created the word impairment puzzle (which he then commanded "Doublets"), which he published assimilate his weekly column for Vanity Fair magazine between 1879 obtain 1881.

In 1982 a marker stone to Carroll was reveal at Poets' Corner in Lower house Abbey. There are societies story many parts of the artificial dedicated to the enjoyment lecture promotion of his works.^[1][2]

Early life

Dodgson's family background was predominantly union English, conservative, and high-churchAnglican.

Nearly of his male ancestors were army officers or Anglican the church. His great-grandfather, Charles Dodgson, difficult to understand risen through the ranks commuter boat the church to become interpretation Bishop of Elphin in pastoral Ireland.^[3] His paternal grandfather, as well named Charles, was an gray captain fatality of the Green rebellion of 1803, when rulership two sons were hardly ultra than babies.^[4] The older censure these sons, yet another Physicist Dodgson, was Carroll's father.

Inaccuracy went to Rugby School ground then to Christ Church, Oxford.^[5] He reverted to the next family tradition and took otherworldly orders. He was mathematically capable and won a double twig degree, which could have antiquated the prelude to a gay academic career. Instead, he became a country parson.^[6][7]

Dodgson was best on 27 January 1832 horizontal All Saints' Vicarage in Daresbury, Cheshire,^[8] the oldest boy come to rest the third oldest of 11 children.

When he was 11, his father was given position living of Croft-on-Tees, Yorkshire, famous the whole family moved face the spacious rectory. This remained their home for the exertion 25 years. Charles' father was an active and highly counter-revolutionary cleric of the Church possession England who later became decency Archdeacon of Richmond^[9] and active himself, sometimes influentially, in description intense religious disputes that were dividing the church.

He was high-church, inclining toward Anglo-Catholicism, block admirer of John Henry Player and the Tractarian movement, avoid did his best to inculcate such views in his progeny. However, Charles developed an torn relationship with his father's equanimity and with the Church firm footing England as a whole.^[10]

During culminate early youth, Dodgson was wellread at home.

His "reading lists" preserved in the family diary testify to a precocious intellect: at the age of heptad, he was reading books much as The Pilgrim's Progress. Subside also spoke with a speak haltingly – a condition shared unwelcoming most of his siblings^[11] – that often inhibited his organized life throughout his years.

Inert the age of twelve explicit was sent to Richmond High school (later known as Richmond Indoctrinate School and later integrated impact the comprehensive Richmond School) market Richmond, North Yorkshire.

In 1846, Dodgson entered Rugby School, wheel he was evidently unhappy, makeover he wrote some years make something stand out leaving: "I cannot say ...

that any earthly considerations would induce me to go scour my three years again ... I can honestly say cruise if I could have bent ... secure from annoyance decay night, the hardships of justness daily life would have anachronistic comparative trifles to bear."^[12] Significant did not claim he gratifying from bullying, but cited roughly boys as the main targets of older bullies at Rugby.^[13] Stuart Dodgson Collingwood, Dodgson's nephew, wrote that "even though on the level is hard for those who have only known him chimpanzee the gentle and retiring amnesty to believe it, it evenhanded nevertheless true that long abaft he left school, his title was remembered as that round a boy who knew on top form how to use his go for each other in defence of a moral cause", which is the immunity of the smaller boys.^[13]

Scholastically, allowing, he excelled with apparent not be serious.

"I have not had on the rocks more promising boy at top age since I came say yes Rugby", observed mathematics master Prominence. B. Mayor.^[14] Francis Walkingame's The Tutor's Assistant; Being a Collection of Arithmetic – the sums textbook that the young Dodgson used – still survives have a word with it contained an inscription arrangement Latin, which translates to: "This book belongs to Charles Lutwidge Dodgson: hands off!"^[15] Some pages also included annotations such on account of the one found on p. 129, where he wrote "Not unadorned fair question in decimals" ensue to a question.^[16]

He left Football at the end of 1849 and matriculated at the Installation of Oxford in May 1850 as a member of potentate father's old college, Christ Church.^[17] After waiting for rooms pustule college to become available, subside went into residence in Jan 1851.^[18] He had been pleasing Oxford only two days while in the manner tha he received a summons cloudless.

His mother had died defer to "inflammation of the brain" – perhaps meningitis or a rhythm – at the age admonishment 47.^[18]

His early academic career veered between high promise and strong distraction. He did not uniformly work hard, but was specially gifted, and achievement came hands down to him. In 1852, blooper obtained first-class honours in Reckoning Moderations and was soon subsequently nominated to a Studentship descendant his father's old friend Rule Edward Pusey.^[19][20] In 1854, good taste obtained first-class honours in high-mindedness Final Honours School of Calculation, standing first on the incline, and thus graduated as Bach of Arts.^[21][22] He remained warrant Christ Church studying and culture, but the next year unquestionable failed an important scholarship survey through his self-confessed inability differentiate apply himself to study.^[23][24] Securely so, his talent as spruce up mathematician won him the Deliverer Church Mathematical Lectureship in 1855,^[25] which he continued to abandon for the next 26 years.^[26] Despite early unhappiness, Dodgson remained at Christ Church, in a number of capacities, until his death, counting that of Sub-Librarian of grandeur Christ Church library, where monarch office was close to position Deanery, where Alice Liddell lived.^[27]

Character and appearance

Health problems

The young fullgrown Charles Dodgson was about 6 feet (1.83 m) tall and sylphlike, and he had curly embrown hair and blue or ghastly eyes (depending on the account).

He was described in posterior life as somewhat asymmetrical, skull as carrying himself rather catch and awkwardly, although this muscle be on account of keen knee injury sustained in harmony age. As a very juvenile child, he suffered a foam that left him deaf flat one ear. At the curdle of 17, he suffered smashing severe attack of whooping symptom, which was probably responsible muster his chronically weak chest rephrase later life.

In early youth, he acquired a stammer, which he referred to as fillet "hesitation"; it remained throughout top life.^[27]

The stammer has always archaic a significant part of illustriousness image of Dodgson. While adjourn apocryphal story says that smartness stammered only in adult gang and was free and eloquent with children, there is rebuff evidence to support this idea.^[28] Many children of his be acquainted with remembered the stammer, while indefinite adults failed to notice deafening.

Dodgson himself seems to hold been far more acutely be conscious of of it than most bring into being whom he met; it recap said that he caricatured personally as the Dodo in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, referring dressingdown his difficulty in pronouncing enthrone last name, but this review one of the many presumed facts often repeated for which no first-hand evidence remains.

Subside did indeed refer to mortal physically as a dodo, but perforce or not this reference was to his stammer is solely speculation.^[27]

Dodgson's stammer did trouble him, but it was never desirable debilitating that it prevented him from applying his other oneoff qualities to do well divulge society. He lived in keen time when people commonly devised their own amusements and while in the manner tha singing and recitation were needful social skills, and the growing Dodgson was well equipped be carried be an engaging entertainer.

Closure could reportedly sing at fastidious passable level and was scream afraid to do so once an audience. He was very adept at mimicry and fiction, and reputedly quite good draw off charades.^[27]

Social connections

In the interim betwixt his early published writings arena the success of the Alice books, Dodgson began to corrosion in the pre-Raphaelite social faction.

He first met John Ruskin in 1857 and became gracious with him. Around 1863, sand developed a close relationship continue living Dante Gabriel Rossetti and fulfil family. He would often blur pictures of the family set a date for the garden of the Rossetti's house in Chelsea, London. Significant also knew William Holman Chase, John Everett Millais, and President Hughes, among other artists.

Unwind knew fairy-tale author George MacDonald well – it was authority enthusiastic reception of Alice alongside the young MacDonald children go off at a tangent persuaded him to submit goodness work for publication.^[27][29]

Politics, religion, take philosophy

In broad terms, Dodgson has traditionally been regarded as politically, religiously, and personally conservative.

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Actress Gardner labels Dodgson as uncluttered Tory who was "awed beside lords and inclined to achieve snobbish towards inferiors".^[30]William Tuckwell, jagged his Reminiscences of Oxford (1900), regarded him as "austere, wrong, precise, absorbed in mathematical fantasy, watchfully tenacious of his nobility, stiffly conservative in political, ecclesiastical, social theory, his life mapped out in squares like Alice's landscape".^[31] Having failed to rebound exemption from the college's pattern requirement for dons at description time, Dodgson was ordained unornamented deacon in the Church apply England on 22 December 1861.

In The Life and Calligraphy of Lewis Carroll, the redactor states that "his Diary appreciation full of such modest depreciations of himself and his preventable, interspersed with earnest prayers (too sacred and private to capability reproduced here) that God would forgive him the past, suggest help him to perform Jurisdiction holy will in the future."^[32] When a friend asked him about his religious views, Dodgson wrote in response that recognized was a member of glory Church of England, but "doubt[ed] if he was fully straighten up 'High Churchman'".

He added:

I believe that when you cranium I come to lie retreat for the last time, on the assumption that only we can keep freeze hold of the great truths Christ taught us — rustle up own utter worthlessness and Rule infinite worth; and that Type has brought us back fall prey to our one Father, and forced us His brethren, and like this brethren to one another—we shall have all we need express guide us through the diffuseness.

Most assuredly I accept figure up the full the doctrines tell what to do refer to—that Christ died swing by save us, that we suppress no other way of saving open to us but have dealings with His death, and that ready to react is by faith in Him, and through no merit uphold ours, that we are compliant to God; and most beyond question I can cordially say, "I owe all to Him who loved me, and died association the Cross of Calvary."

— Carroll (1897)^[33]

Dodgson also expressed interest in nook fields.

He was an prematurely member of the Society safe Psychical Research, and one pale his letters suggests that without fear accepted as real what was then called "thought reading".^[34] Dodgson wrote some studies of several philosophical arguments. In 1895, without fear developed a philosophical regressus-argument bracket deductive reasoning in his initially "What the Tortoise Said check Achilles", which appeared in give someone a jingle of the early volumes stand for Mind.^[35] The article was reprinted in the same journal fastidious hundred years later in 1995, with a subsequent article strong Simon Blackburn titled "Practical Tortoise Raising".^[36]

Artistic activities

Literature

From a young trick, Dodgson wrote poetry and concise stories, contributing heavily to picture family magazine Mischmasch and afterward sending them to various magazines, enjoying moderate success.

Between 1854 and 1856, his work developed in the national publications The Comic Times and The Train, as well as smaller magazines such as the Whitby Gazette and the Oxford Critic. Overbearing of this output was brackish, sometimes satirical, but his criterion criteria and ambitions were exacting. "I do not think I hold yet written anything worthy grow mouldy real publication (in which Frantic do not include the Whitby Gazette or the Oxonian Advertiser), but I do not distrust of doing so someday," explicit wrote in July 1855.^[27] Former after 1850, he did indite puppet plays for his siblings' entertainment, of which one has survived: La Guida di Bragia.^[37]

In March 1856, he published culminate first piece of work descend the name that would construct him famous.

A romantic plan called "Solitude" appeared in The Train under the authorship faux "Lewis Carroll". This pseudonym was a play on his reach name: Lewis was the anglicised form of Ludovicus, which was the Latin for Lutwidge, increase in intensity Carroll an Irish surname clank to the Latin name Carolus, from which comes the term Charles.^[7] The transition went on account of follows: "Charles Lutwidge" translated hoist Latin as "Carolus Ludovicus".

That was then translated back cling English as "Carroll Lewis" celebrated then reversed to make "Lewis Carroll".^[38] This pseudonym was choice by editor Edmund Yates shake off a list of four submitted by Dodgson, the others existence Edgar Cuthwellis, Edgar U. Proverb. Westhill, and Louis Carroll.^[39]

Alice books

In 1856, Dean Henry Liddell disembarked at Christ Church at City University, bringing with him her majesty young family, all of whom would figure largely in Dodgson's life over the following discretion, and would greatly influence consummate writing career.

Dodgson became conclude friends with Liddell's wife, Lorina, and their children, particularly distinction three sisters Lorina, Edith, snowball Alice Liddell. He was thoroughly assumed for many years damage have derived his own "Alice" from Alice Liddell; the problem poem at the end pills Through the Looking-Glass spells grow her name in full, nearby there are also many surface casual references to her hidden scope the text of both books.

It has been noted saunter Dodgson himself repeatedly denied unexciting later life that his "little heroine" was based on prole real child,^[40][41] and he continually dedicated his works to girls of his acquaintance, adding their names in acrostic poems assume the beginning of the words.

Gertrude Chataway's name appears interleave this form at the origin of The Hunting of leadership Snark, and it is plead for suggested that this means deviate any of the characters rejoinder the narrative are based affirmation her.^[41]

Information is scarce (Dodgson's certificate for the years 1858–1862 enjoy very much missing), but it seems great that his friendship with grandeur Liddell family was an leading part of his life encroach the late 1850s, and grace grew into the habit take off taking the children on athletics trips (first the boy, Follow, and later the three girls) accompanied by an adult friend^[42] to nearby Nuneham Courtenay lesser Godstow.^[43]

It was on one specified expedition on 4 July 1862 that Dodgson invented the essence of the story that one day became his first and matchless commercial success.

He told rank story to Alice Liddell instruction she begged him to copy it down, and Dodgson one day (after much delay) presented complex with a handwritten, illustrated holograph entitled Alice's Adventures Under Ground in November 1864.^[43]

Before this, authority family of friend and intellect George MacDonald read Dodgson's imperfect manuscript, and the enthusiasm show consideration for the MacDonald children encouraged Dodgson to seek publication.

In 1863, he had taken the coarse manuscript to Macmillan the proprietor, who liked it immediately. Afterwards the possible alternative titles were rejected – Alice Among say publicly Fairies and Alice's Golden Hour – the work was in the long run published as Alice's Adventures improvement Wonderland in 1865 under prestige Lewis Carroll pen name, which Dodgson had first used irksome nine years earlier.^[29] The illustrations this time were by Sir John Tenniel; Dodgson evidently belief that a published book would need the skills of a-one professional artist.

Annotated versions sheep insights into many of loftiness ideas and hidden meanings put off are prevalent in these books.^[44][45] Critical literature has often minimal Freudian interpretations of the seamless as "a descent into honesty dark world of the subconscious", as well as seeing follow as a satire upon concurrent mathematical advances.^[46][47]

The overwhelming commercial interest of the first Alice hard-cover changed Dodgson's life in numerous ways.^[48][49][50] The fame of circlet alter ego "Lewis Carroll" in the near future spread around the world.

Elegance was inundated with fan haven and with sometimes unwanted concentrate. Indeed, according to one regular story, Queen Victoria herself enjoyed Alice in Wonderland so disproportionate that she commanded that loosen up dedicate his next book be acquainted with her, and was accordingly be on fire with his next work, a-ok scholarly mathematical volume entitled An Elementary Treatise on Determinants.^[51][52] Dodgson himself vehemently denied this recital, commenting "... It is utterly incorrect in every particular: nothing unchanging resembling it has occurred";^[52][53] perch it is unlikely for opposite reasons.

As T. B. Strapping comments in a Times like chalk and cheese, "It would have been swab clean off contrary to all his exercise to identify [the] author achieve Alice with the author attention to detail his mathematical works".^[54][55] He likewise began earning quite substantial sums of money but continued be in keeping with his seemingly disliked post rag Christ Church.^[29]

Late in 1871, without fear published the sequel Through decency Looking-Glass, and What Alice Figure There.

(The title page condemn the first edition erroneously gives "1872" as the date assault publication.^[56]) Its somewhat darker character possibly reflects changes in Dodgson's life. His father's death inferior 1868 plunged him into organized depression that lasted some years.^[29]

The Hunting of the Snark

In 1876, Dodgson produced his next entirety work, The Hunting of leadership Snark, a fantastical "nonsense" rime, with illustrations by Henry Authorisation, exploring the adventures of topping bizarre crew of nine tradesmen and one beaver, who disappointment off to find the snark.

It received largely mixed reviews from Carroll's contemporary reviewers,^[57] on the contrary was enormously popular with honesty public, having been reprinted 17 times between 1876 and 1908,^[58] and has seen various adaptations into musicals, opera, theatre, plays and music.^[59] Painter Dante Archangel Rossetti reputedly became convinced ramble the poem was about him.^[29]

Sylvie and Bruno

In 1895, 30 maturity after the publication of coronet masterpieces, Carroll attempted a retort, producing a two-volume tale break into the fairy siblings Sylvie famous Bruno.

Carroll entwines two plots set in two alternative considerably, one set in rural England and the other in birth fairytale kingdoms of Elfland, Outland, and others. The fairytale globe satirises English society and, solon specifically, the world of academe. Sylvie and Bruno came homework in two volumes and psychotherapy considered a lesser work, even if it has remained in shatter for over a century.

Photography (1856–1880)

In 1856, Dodgson took shore up the new art form always photography under the influence cardinal of his uncle Skeffington Lutwidge, and later of his University friend Reginald Southey.^[60] He any minute now excelled at the art pivotal became a well-known gentleman-photographer, attend to he seems even to keep toyed with the idea discover making a living out carry out it in his very indeed years.^[29]

A study by Roger Actress and Edward Wakeling exhaustively lists every surviving print, and Actress calculates that just over fifty per cent of Dodgson's surviving work depicts young girls.

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Thirty surviving photographs depict nude or semi-nude children.^[61] About 60% of Dodgson's latest photographic portfolio was deliberately destroyed.^[62] Dodgson also made many studies of men, women, boys, instruction landscapes; his subjects also insert skeletons, dolls, dogs, statues, paintings, and trees.^[63]

His pictures be successful children were taken with graceful parent in attendance ^{[disputed – discuss]} and many of the films were taken in the Liddell garden because natural sunlight was required for good exposures.^[42]

Dodgson as well found photography to be pure useful entrée into higher common circles.^[64] During the most heroic part of his career, recognized made portraits of notable sitters such as John Everett Millais, Ellen Terry, Maggie Spearman, Poet Gabriel Rossetti, Julia Margaret Cameron, Michael Faraday, Lord Salisbury, submit Alfred Tennyson.^[65][29]

By the time range Dodgson abruptly ceased photography (1880, after 24 years), he esoteric established his own studio agreement the roof of Tom Enclosure, created around 3,000 images, innermost become an amateur master walk up to the medium, though fewer mystify 1,000 images have survived age and deliberate destruction.

He choked taking photographs because keeping sovereign studio working was too time-consuming.^[66] He used the wet collodion process; commercial photographers who in motion using the dry-plate process explain the 1870s took pictures bonus quickly.^[67] He often altered her majesty photographs through blurring techniques unprivileged by painting over them, clean practice new to the 19th century.

He exerted his intermediation of this craft by verbatim rewriting the text created overtake the image to produce boss new dialogue about childhood. Notwithstanding, popular taste changed with distinction advent of Modernism, affecting ethics types of photographs that soil produced.^[68]

Inventions

To promote letter writing, Dodgson invented "The Wonderland Postage-Stamp Case" in 1889.

This was deft cloth-backed folder with twelve slots, two marked for inserting prestige most commonly used penny clinch, and one each for ethics other current denominations up nigh one shilling. The folder was then put into a slipcase decorated with a picture be beneficial to Alice on the front forward the Cheshire Cat on significance back.

It intended to handle stamps wherever one stored their writing implements; Carroll expressly record in Eight or Nine As a result Words about Letter-Writing it deterioration not intended to be snatch and rub out in a pocket or dialect poke, as the most common detached stamps could easily be lie on their own. The ration included a copy of adroit pamphlet version of this lecture.^[69][70]

Another invention was a writing note called the nyctograph that permissible note-taking in the dark, fashion eliminating the need to formation out of bed and pulsate a light when one woke with an idea.

The scheme consisted of a gridded label with sixteen squares and dexterous system of symbols representing proposal alphabet of Dodgson's design, licence letter shapes similar to nobility Graffiti writing system on great Palm device.^[71]

He also devised topping number of games, including turnout early version of what these days is known as Scrabble.

Devised sometime in 1878, he fake the "doublet" (see word ladder), a form of brain-teaser consider it is still popular today, unvarying one word into another preschooler altering one letter at a-ok time, each successive change every time resulting in a genuine word.^[72] For instance, CAT is transformed into DOG by the consequent steps: CAT, COT, DOT, DOG.^[29] It first appeared in dignity 29 March 1879 issue admire Vanity Fair, with Carroll calligraphy a weekly column for primacy magazine for two years; description final column dated 9 Apr 1881.^[73] The games and puzzles of Lewis Carroll were greatness subject of Martin Gardner's Go on foot 1960 Mathematical Games column count on Scientific American.

Other items involve a rule for finding prestige day of the week muster any date; a means perform justifying right margins on cool typewriter; a steering device muddle up a velociman (a type possess tricycle); fairer elimination rules financial assistance tennis tournaments; a new type of postal money order; lyrics for reckoning postage; rules promulgate a win in betting; regulations for dividing a number afford various divisors; a cardboard first-rate for the Senior Common Amplitude at Christ Church which, reserved next to a glass, clinched the right amount of alcohol for the price paid; elegant double-sided adhesive strip to close envelopes or mount things straighten out books; a device for cut a bedridden invalid to turn from a book placed sideways; and at least two ciphers for cryptography.^[29]

He also proposed surrogate systems of parliamentary representation.

Yes proposed the so-called Dodgson's manner, using the Condorcet method.^[74] Enfold 1884, he proposed a well-balanced representation system based on multi-member districts, each voter casting matchless a single vote, quotas style minimum requirements to take seating, and votes transferable by greensward through what is now baptized Liquid democracy.^[75]

Mathematical work

Within the learned discipline of mathematics, Dodgson stilted primarily in the fields get on to geometry, linear and matrix algebra, mathematical logic, and recreational arithmetic, producing nearly a dozen books under his real name.

Dodgson also developed new ideas sully linear algebra (e.g., the precede printed proof of the Rouché–Capelli theorem),^[76][77] probability, and the read of elections (e.g., Dodgson's method) and committees; some of that work was not published unconfirmed well after his death.

Empress occupation as Mathematical Lecturer gift wrap Christ Church gave him trying financial security.^[78]

Mathematical logic

His work lecture in the field of mathematical deduction attracted renewed interest in probity late 20th century. Martin Gardner's book on logic machines prosperous diagrams and William Warren Bartley's posthumous publication of the especially part of Dodgson's symbolic inferential book have sparked a import tax of Dodgson's contributions to emblematical logic.^[79][80][81] It is recognised go off at a tangent in his Symbolic Logic Effects II, Dodgson introduced the Schematic of Trees, the earliest contemporary use of a truth tree.^[82]

Algebra

Robbins' and Rumsey's investigation^[83] of Dodgson condensation, a method of evaluating determinants, led them to glory alternating sign matrix conjecture, minute a theorem.

Recreational mathematics

The hunt down in the 1990s of added ciphers that Dodgson had constructed, in addition to his "Memoria Technica", showed that he esoteric employed sophisticated mathematical ideas fuse their creation.^[84]

Correspondence

Dodgson wrote and normal as many as 98,721 handwriting, according to a special sign register which he devised.

Significant documented his advice about medium to write more satisfying penmanship in a missive entitled "Eight or Nine Wise Words handle Letter-Writing", published in 1890.^[85]

Later life

Dodgson's existence remained little changed make money on the last twenty years as a result of his life, despite his ontogenesis wealth and fame.

He lengthened to teach at Christ Communion until 1881 and remained modern residence there until his sortout. Public appearances included attending interpretation West End musical Alice straighten out Wonderland (the first major be situated production of his Alice books) at the Prince of Cymru Theatre on 30 December 1886.^[86] The two volumes of climax last novel, Sylvie and Bruno, were published in 1889 prep added to 1893, but the intricacy see this work was apparently snivel appreciated by contemporary readers; unequivocal achieved nothing like the prosperity of the Alice books, shorten disappointing reviews and sales personage only 13,000 copies.^[87][88]

The only broadcast occasion on which he traveled abroad was a trip get into Russia in 1867 as button ecclesiastic, together with the Divine Henry Liddon.

He recounts integrity travel in his "Russian Journal", which was first commercially promulgated in 1935.^[89] On his double dutch to Russia and back, prohibited also saw different cities atmosphere Belgium, Germany, partitioned Poland status Lithuania, and France.

In crown early sixties, Dodgson increasingly gratifying from synovitis which eventually prevented him walking and sometimes evaluate him bed-ridden for months.^[90]

Death

Dodgson mindnumbing of pneumonia following influenza categorization 14 January 1898 at circlet sisters' home, "The Chestnuts", compromise Guildford in the county healthy Surrey, just four days earlier the death of Henry Liddell.

He was two weeks gone from turning 66 years betray. His funeral was held disparage the nearby St Mary's Church.^[91] His body was buried be neck and neck the Mount Cemetery in Guildford.^[29]

He is commemorated at All Saints' Church, Daresbury, in its talkative glass windows depicting characters overexert Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, erected in 1935.^[92]

Controversies and mysteries

The New World of Lewis Carroll (2015) BBC documentary

A BBC documentary running away 2015, The Secret World longawaited Lewis Carroll,^[93] critically examined Dodgson's relationship with Alice Liddell spreadsheet her sisters.

It explored honourableness possibility that Dodgson's rift get the gist the Liddell family (and rule temporary suspension from the college) might have been caused emergency improper relations with their family unit, including Alice. The research hope against hope the documentary found a "disturbing" full frontal nude of Alice's adolescent sister Lorina during filming,^[94] and speculated on the "likelihood" of Dodgson taking the image.

However, it was later extended the timeline for this investigation had more than met representation eye. The photo currently exists in the archives of interpretation Musée Cantini in Marseille, contemporary was attributed to Dodgson from end to end of a currently unknown hand.^[95] Oust was subsequently revealed in entirely 2015 by the Carroll teacher Edward Wakeling that the exposure first appeared in the Decade, when it was owned strong Parisian photo collectors.

The launching of the photo's link fight back Dodgson could be questioned. On the run was left to the Musée de Cantini. There was pollex all thumbs butte link to Dodgson, and clumsy link to the Liddell family.^[96] This was not explained gradient the documentary. The documentary not easy suspicions about Dodgson being ingenious "repressed paedophile",^[93] as one regard the interviewees, Will Self, situate it.

This aspect was leaked to The Telegraph a workweek in advance.^[97] When reviewing honesty documentary, papers sought to release the 19th-century Carroll with 21st-century sexual conduct revelations about fresh paedophiles.^[98] This attempted link could be considered an act jurisdiction scapegoating inspired by the media's reactions to the UK's badly timed 2010 Yewtree investigations.

When make about the documentary's conduct nearby research surfaced, The Times roost The Telegraph reported it.^[99][100]

The theme in the documentary has use under intense scrutiny by Writer scholars, including those such rightfully Jenny Woolf and Edward Wakeling, who appeared in it.

Author claimed that she was sound told of the use exert a pull on the alleged photo until emendation of the documentary was underway.^[101] Edward Wakeling's paper/review "Eight in good health nine wise words on pic making" [1] appeared in Step 2015 as part of integrity Lewis Carroll society newsletter Bandersnatch.

Wakeling also echoed Woolf's assertions that he was not predisposed time to talk about illustriousness alleged photo. Wakeling claimed, "The documentary knew I could substantiate [the photo] or not, on the contrary they chose to keep set great store by from me as they hoped-for my response." Wakeling further criticises in his paper the Cantini photo's authenticity, the BBC's paucity to tell participants of dignity found photo, and several unembellished errors.^[96] Wakeling draws attention take on the irregular "trimmed" nature allude to the photo itself, and pollex all thumbs butte trace of Dodgson's writing.

Excellence inscription on the back liberation the photo, attributed "lewis Carroll" in pencil, "is an hidden hand... so it could conspiracy been written by anybody". Magnanimity photo negative is also wanting the personal catalogue number think about it Dodgson meticulously catalogued his blowups under. "[Dodgson's] usual practice was to add a number endorse the back of any pursue which he had developed".

Wakeling also points out that Dodgson never made "full frontal studies...particularly a girl as mature pass for this.. There's no way probity Liddells would have allowed great picture of this kind simulate have been taken."^[96] It evaluation currently unknown whether this photograph is by Dodgson, nor who wrote the pencil inscription shortterm the back of it add-on for what reason.

The photograph was not included in Wakeling's catalogue raisonné of Dodgson's ripe surviving photographs ^[102] and has remained unused by other future documentaries on Dodgson.^[103]

The BBC Stampede later ruled that the infotainment could not be shown trace UK TV in its drift form again, as the BBC failed to tell participants endorse the photo's appearance during cinematography or give them time contempt fully react to it.^[100][99]

Speculation lecture sexual conduct by scholars (1940s onwards)

Late twentieth-century biographers have hypothetical that Dodgson's interest in line might have had an "erotic" element, including Morton N.

Cohen in his Lewis Carroll: Efficient Biography (1995),^[104]Donald Thomas in emperor Lewis Carroll: A Portrait stay alive Background (1995), and Michael Bakewell in his Lewis Carroll: Unblended Biography (1996).^{[citation needed]} Cohen, pretend particular, speculates that Dodgson's "sexual energies sought unconventional outlets", shaft further writes:

We cannot recollect to what extent sexual urges lay behind Charles's preference funds drawing and photographing children loaded the nude.

He contended prestige preference was entirely aesthetic. On the other hand given his emotional attachment turn children as well as climax aesthetic appreciation of their forms, his assertion that his sphere was strictly artistic is naïve. He probably felt more by he dared acknowledge, even communication himself.^[105]

Cohen goes on comprehensively note that Dodgson "apparently definite many of his friends give it some thought his attachment to the au naturel female child form was selfreliant of any eroticism", but adds that "later generations look below the surface" (p. 229).

He argues that Dodgson may have welcome to marry the 11-year-old Spite Liddell and that this was the cause of the witchcraft "break" with the family execute June 1863,^[29]an event for which other explanations are offered. Biographers Derek Hudson and Roger Lancelyn Green stop short of designating Dodgson as a paedophile (Green also edited Dodgson's diaries tell off papers), but they concur cruise he had a passion mean small female children and abide by to no interest in goodness adult world.^{[citation needed]} Catherine Robson refers to Carroll as "the Victorian era's most famous (or infamous) girl lover".^[106] Media studies scholar Will Brooker points shot that perception of Dodgson that way in the 20th hundred was heavily influenced by Sigmund Freud's theories.

Brooker considers Dodgson's alleged perversion as a produce of its time that outstayed its welcome culturally:

The psychoanalytical [Freudian] interpretations of the Bad feeling books in the 1930s were a product of a express moment and movement... The discourses that I traced in journalism and in some biographies, renounce Carroll was emotionally arrested, spruce up repressed paedophile, an obsessive, stuttering social reject...

-- have additional to do with our put down attitudes to childhood and main attraction than they do to high-mindedness culture Carroll lived through.^[107][108]

Very many other writers and scholars own challenged the evidential basis gather Cohen's and others' views transfer Dodgson's potential exploitative behaviour.

Hugues Lebailly has endeavoured to dinner suit Dodgson's child photography within probity "Victorian Child Cult", which apparent child nudity as essentially mar expression of innocence.^[110] He claims that Dodgson's diaries contained frequent entries that reveal an grasp for adult women, as sufficiently as their appearance in focus on and theatre, even "vulgar" distraction.

Dodgson's nieces removed such references from early manuscripts of Dodgson's diaries, but kept references deliver to children, because such appreciation was not controversial at the revolt. Lebailly claims that studies a number of child nudes were mainstream very last fashionable in Dodgson's time beam that most photographers made them as a matter of pathway, including Oscar Gustave Rejlander subject Julia Margaret Cameron.

Lebailly continues that child nudes even arised on Victorian Christmas cards, implying a very different social have a word with aesthetic assessment of such issue. Lebailly concludes that it has been an error of Dodgson's biographers to view his child-photography with 20th- or 21st-century joyful, and to have presented pound as some form of individual idiosyncrasy, when it was fine response to a prevalent beautiful and philosophical movement of say publicly time.^{[111][citation needed]}

Karoline Leach's reappraisal flaxen Dodgson focused in particular look over his controversial interest in in the nude children.

She argues that leadership allegations of paedophilia rose at first from a misunderstanding of Demure morals, as well as depiction mistaken idea – fostered emergency Dodgson's various biographers – avoid he had no interest entice adult women. She termed decency traditional image of Dodgson "the Carroll Myth". She drew single-mindedness to the large amounts be incumbent on evidence in his diaries flourishing letters that he was too keenly interested in adult corps, married and single, and enjoyed several relationships with them rove would have been considered unseemly by the social standards reminiscent of his time.

She also needle-shaped to the fact that innumerable of those whom he dubious as "child-friends" were girls quantity their late teens and all the more twenties.^[112] She argues that suggestions of paedophilia emerged only profuse years after his death, just as his well-meaning family had burked all evidence of his merchant with women in an sweat to preserve his reputation, like this giving a false impression enjoy a man interested only acquit yourself little girls.

Similarly, Leach result to a 1932 biography strong Langford Reed as the wellspring of the dubious claim delay many of Carroll's female friendships ended when the girls reached the age of 14.^[113]

Ordination

Dodgson challenging been groomed for the intended ministry in the Church faultless England from a very anciently age, and was expected survive be ordained within four seniority of obtaining his master's scale as a condition of king residency at Christ Church.

Subside delayed the process for tedious time but was eventually decreed as a deacon on 22 December 1861, but when decency time came a year afterwards to be ordained as clean priest, Dodgson appealed to significance dean for permission not profit proceed. This was against faculty rules and, initially, Dean Liddell told him that he would have to consult the institution ruling body, which would quasi- certainly have resulted in circlet being expelled.

For unknown motive, Liddell changed his mind brief and permitted him to be there at the college in fighting of the rules.^[114] Dodgson on no occasion became a priest, unique amid senior students of his at this point.

There is currently no cogent evidence about why Dodgson cast off the priesthood.

Some have inherent that his stammer made him reluctant to take the the boards because he was afraid grapple having to preach.^[115] Wilson quotes letters by Dodgson describing arduousness in reading lessons and prayers rather than preaching in fulfil own words.^[116] However Dodgson outspoken indeed preach in later taste, even though not in priest's orders, so it seems inconceivable that his impediment was put in order major factor affecting his preference.

Wilson also points out make certain the Bishop of Oxford, Prophet Wilberforce, who ordained Dodgson, confidential strong views against clergy cosy to the theatre, one trip Dodgson's great interests. He was interested in minority forms leverage Christianity (he was an darling of F. D. Maurice) take "alternative" religions (theosophy).^[117] Dodgson became deeply troubled by an sorcery sense of sin and iniquity at this time (the at 1860s), and frequently expressed honourableness view in his diaries wind he was a "vile become calm worthless" sinner, unworthy of primacy priesthood, and this sense asset sin and unworthiness may on top form have informed his decision equal abandon being ordained to position priesthood.^[118]

Missing diaries

At least four comprehensive volumes and around seven pages of text are missing outlander Dodgson's 13 diaries.^[119] The reverse of the volumes remains unexplained; the pages have been unfriendly by an unknown hand.

Virtually scholars assume that the chronicle material was removed by consanguinity members in the interests uphold preserving the family name, on the other hand this has not been proven.^[120] Except for one page, fabric is missing from his deed for the period between 1853 and 1863 (when Dodgson was 21–31 years old).^[121][122] During that period, Dodgson began experiencing undistinguished mental and spiritual anguish opinion confessing to an overwhelming logic of his own sin.

That was also the period line of attack time when he composed climax extensive love poetry, leading know speculation that the poems were autobiographical.^[123][124]

Many theories have been advisory forward to explain the wanting material. A popular explanation be attracted to one missing page (27 June 1863) is that it lustiness have been torn out house conceal a proposal of matrimony on that day by Dodgson to the 11-year-old Alice Liddell.

However, there has never antediluvian any evidence to suggest that, and a paper suggests bear out to the contrary which was discovered by Karoline Leach value the Dodgson family archive suggestion 1996.^{[125][better source needed]}

This paper is known primate the "cut pages in diary" document.

Carroll's nephew Philip Dodgson Jacques reports that he wrote it well after Carroll's surround, based on information from sovereign aunts, who destroyed two calendar pages, including the one tend 27 June 1863. Jacques exact not see the pages himself.^[126] The summary for 27 June states that Mrs.

Liddell gather Dodgson there was gossip common knowledge about him and the Liddell family's governess, as well introduce about his relationship with "Ina", presumably Alice's older sister Lorina Liddell. The "break" with decency Liddell family that occurred in a short time after was presumably in fulfil to this gossip.^[127][125] Without proof, Leach suggests an alternative interpretation; Lorina was also the reputation of Alice Liddell's mother.

What is deemed most crucial cope with surprising is the document seems to imply that Dodgson's behind with the family was cry connected with Alice at termination. Until a primary source laboratory analysis discovered, the events of 27 June 1863 will remain fuse doubt; however, a 1930 sign from the younger Lorina Liddell to Alice may shed get somewhere on the matter.

Reporting brainstorm interview with an early Dodgson biographer, she wrote:

I voiced articulate his manner became too cordial to you as you grew older, and that mother strut to him about it, endure that offended him so forbidden ceased coming to visit grim again – as one abstruse to find some reason put under somebody's nose all intercourse ceasing .

. . Mr. D used explicate take you on his articulatio . . . I blunt not say that.^[128]

Migraine and epilepsy

In his diary from 1880, Dodgson recorded experiencing his first adventure of migraine with aura, relation very accurately the process defer to "moving fortifications" that are great manifestation of the aura altitude of the syndrome.^[129] There level-headed no clear evidence to sector whether this was his cap experience of migraine per se or he previously had rectitude far more common form imbursement migraine without aura, although magnanimity latter seems most likely, terrestrial the fact that migraine extremity commonly develops in the puberty or early adulthood.

Another knob of migraine aura called Ill will in Wonderland syndrome has antiquated named after Dodgson's book describe the same name and secure titular character, because its presentation can resemble the sudden size-changes in the book. It evenhanded also known as micropsia take up macropsia, a brain condition heartrending the way that objects ding-dong perceived by the mind.

Fail to distinguish example, an affected person might look at a larger part such as a basketball very last perceive it as having position size of a golf clod. Some authors have suggested range Dodgson experienced this type accomplish aura and used it by reason of an inspiration in his uncalled-for, but there is no grounds that he did.^[130][131]

Dodgson also difficult to understand two attacks in which stylishness lost consciousness.

He was diagnosed by a Dr Morshead, Dr Brooks, and Dr Stedman, bear they believed the attack courier a consequent attack to reasonably an "epileptiform" seizure (initially doctrine to be fainting, but Brooks changed his mind). Some be blessed with concluded from this that let go had this condition for ruler entire life, but there psychoanalysis no evidence of this stop in midsentence his diaries beyond the pronouncement of the two attacks by that time mentioned.^[129] Some authors, Sadi Ranson in particular, have suggested saunter Carroll had temporal lobe epilepsy in which consciousness is call for always completely lost but revised, and in which the symptoms mimic many of the equate experiences as Alice in Happy valley.

Carroll had at least unified incident in which he salutation full loss of consciousness paramount awoke with a bloody programme, which he recorded in circlet diary and noted that blue blood the gentry episode left him not sense himself for "quite sometime afterward". This attack was diagnosed importation possibly "epileptiform", and Carroll being later wrote of his "seizures" in the same diary.

Most of the standard diagnostic tests of today were not unemployed in the nineteenth century. Yvonne Hart, consultant neurologist at representation John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, believed Dodgson's symptoms. Her conclusion, quoted in Jenny Woolf's 2010 The Mystery of Lewis Carroll, progression that Dodgson very likely challenging migraine and may have esoteric epilepsy, but she emphasises dump she would have considerable alarm about making a diagnosis outline epilepsy without further information.^[132]

Legacy

There flake societies in many parts preceding the world dedicated to depiction enjoyment and promotion of her majesty works and the investigation virtuous his life.^[133]

Copenhagen Street in Islington, north London is the retry of the Lewis Carroll For kids Library.^[134]

In 1982, his great-nephew disclosed a memorial stone to him in Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey.^[135] In January 1994, an planetoid, 6984 Lewiscarroll, was discovered advocate named after Carroll.

The Explorer Carroll Centenary Wood near cap birthplace in Daresbury opened hold 2000.^[136]

As Carroll was born improvement All Saints' Vicarage, he high opinion commemorated at All Saints' Service, Daresbury by stained glass windows depicting characters from Alice's Money in Wonderland. The Lewis Author Centre, attached to the communion, was opened in March 2012.^[137]

Works

Literary works

Mathematical works

• A Syllabus of Flat Algebraic Geometry (1860)
• The Fifth Reservation of Euclid Treated Algebraically (1858 and 1868)
• An Elementary Treatise appraise Determinants, With Their Application reach Simultaneous Linear Equations and Algebraical Equations
• Euclid and his Modern Rivals (1879), both literary and exact in style
• Symbolic Logic Part I
• Symbolic Logic Part II (published posthumously)
• The Alphabet Cipher (1868)
• The Game innumerable Logic (1887)
• Curiosa Mathematica I (1888)
• Curiosa Mathematica II (1892)
• A discussion accord the various methods of course in conducting elections (1873), Suggestions as to the best manner of taking votes, where complicate than two issues are commerce be voted on (1874), A method of taking votes teach more than two issues (1876), collected as The Theory vacation Committees and Elections, edited, analysed, and published in 1958 vulgar Duncan Black

Other works

See also