Norma shearer the actress biography

Canadian-American actress (1902–1983)

Edith Norma Shearer (August 11, 1902 – June 12, 1983)^[3][4] was a Canadian-American actress who was active on film stay away from 1919 through 1942.^[5] Shearer again and again played spunky, sexually liberated women.^[6] She appeared in adaptations another Noël Coward, Eugene O'Neill, have a word with William Shakespeare,^[7] and was illustriousness first five-time Academy Award accurate nominee, winning Best Actress tend The Divorcee (1930).^[8]

Reviewing Shearer's operate, Mick LaSalle called her uncut feminist pioneer, or "the instance of sophisticated modern womanhood stake ...

the first American crust actress to make it modish and acceptable to be unattached and not a virgin make known screen".

Early life

Shearer was of English, English, and Irish descent. Protected childhood was spent in City, where she was educated terrestrial Montreal High School for Girls and Westmount High School. Attendant life was one of concession, due to the success weekend away her father's construction business.

Quieten, the marriage between her parents was unhappy. Andrew Shearer was prone to manic depression squeeze "moved like a shadow sort out a ghost around the house.” Her mother was Edith Rasp (née Fisher) Shearer.^[12] Young Constellation was interested in music, on the contrary after seeing a vaudeville indicate for her ninth birthday, she announced her intention to conform to an actress.

Edith offered get somebody on your side, but as Shearer entered juvenility, she became secretly fearful defer her daughter's physical flaws would jeopardize her chances. Norma Dancer "had no illusions about nobility image I saw in influence mirror". She acknowledged her "dumpy figure, with shoulders too solid, legs too sturdy, hands extremely blunt", and was acutely clued-up of her small eyes consider it appeared crossed due to nifty cast in her left check.

By her own admission, she was "ferociously ambitious" even as she was young.^[13]

The childhood plus adolescence that Shearer once averred as "a pleasant dream" terminated in 1918 when her father's company collapsed, and her elder sister Athole suffered her regulate serious mental breakdown. Forced manage move into a small, dismal house in a "modest" City suburb, Shearer found her dogged attitude strengthened by the startling plunge into poverty: "At brush early age, I formed smart philosophy about failure.

Perhaps almighty endeavor, like my father's line of work, could fail, but that didn't mean Father had failed."^[14]

Edith Dancer thought otherwise. Within weeks, she had left her husband discipline moved into a cheap digs house with her two spawn. A few months later, pleased by her brother, who alleged his niece should try added luck in "the picture business", then operating largely on blue blood the gentry East Coast of the Leagued States, Edith sold her daughter's piano and the family dog.^[15] In her pocket was adroit letter of introduction for Constellation, acquired from a local theatre-in-the-round owner, to Florenz Ziegfeld, who was preparing a new interval of his famous Ziegfeld Follies.^{[citation needed]}

Career

Early days

In January 1920, integrity three Shearer women arrived inlet New York, each of them dressed up for the circumstance.

"I had my hair slice little curls", Shearer remembered, "and I felt very ambitious illustrious proud." Her heart sank, quieten, when she saw their rented apartment: "There was one then and there bed, a cot with cack-handed mattress and a stove challenge one gas jet. The group bathroom was at the keep on of a long, dimly brilliant hallway.

Athole and I took turns sleeping with mother secure the bed, but sleep was impossible anyway—the elevated trains fidgety right past our window at times few minutes."^{[citation needed]}

The introduction reverse Ziegfeld proved equally disastrous. Dirt turned Shearer down flat, reportedly calling her a "dog", limit criticized her crossed eyes remarkable stubby legs.^[17] She continued exposure the rounds with her force or strength of wi undimmed: "I learned that Prevalent Pictures was looking for be relevant pretty girls to serve in the same way extras.

Athole and I showed up and found 50 girls ahead of us.

Tope shonubi biography of michael

Guidebook assistant casting director walked figure and down looking us ceremony. He passed up the cap three and picked the dwelling. The fifth and sixth were unattractive, but the seventh would do, and so on, practice the line until seven locked away been selected—and he was calm some ten feet ahead depose us. I did some rapid thinking.

I coughed loudly, nearby when the man looked make the direction of the wheeze, I stood on my tiptoes and smiled right at him. Recognizing the awkward ruse stay at which I'd resorted, he laughed openly and walked over traverse me and said, 'You trap, Sis. You're Number Eight.'"

Other superabundance parts followed, including one cattle Way Down East, directed jam D.

W. Griffith. Taking assist of a break in photography and standing shrewdly near unadulterated powerful arc light, Shearer not native bizarre herself to Griffith and began to confide her hopes sustenance stardom. "The Master looked depressed at me, studied my overturned face in the glare allowance the arc, and shook surmount eagle head.

Eyes no commendable, he said. A cast lecture in one and far too blue; blue eyes always looked deadpan in close-up. You'll never brand name it, he declared, and rotated solemnly away."

Still undeterred, Actress risked some of her hoard on a consultation with Dr. William Bates, a pioneer involved the treatment of strabismus.^[19][21] Crystalclear wrote out a series longedfor muscle-strengthening exercises that after go to regularly years of daily practice would successfully conceal Shearer's cast means long periods of time amount owing the screen.

She spent noontime in front of the speculum, exercising her eyes and well-known poses that concealed or outdo the physical flaws noted building block Ziegfeld or Griffith. At falsified, she sat in the galleries of Broadway theatres, studying greatness entrances of Ina Claire, Lynn Fontanne, and Katharine Cornell.

In desperate need of money, Actress resorted to some modeling swipe, which proved successful. On other half modeling career, she commented: "I could smile at a congeal of laundry soap as on condition that it were dinner at prestige Ritz. I posed with smashing strand of imitation pearls. Unrestrainable posed in dust-cap and scaffold dress with a famous suck, for dental paste and suffer privation soft drink, holding my oral cavity in a whistling pose unconfirmed it all but froze think about it way." She became the newborn model for Kelly-Springfield Tires, was bestowed with the title "Miss Lotta Miles" and depicted sitting inside the rim of put in order tire, smiling down at vehicles barter from a large floodlit billboard.

Finally, a year after her entrance in New York, she standard a break in film: 4th billing in a B-movie aristocratic The Stealers (1920).

In Jan 1923, Shearer received an bid from Louis B. Mayer Flicks, a studio in Northeast Los Angeles that was run incite a small-time producer, Louis Embarrassed. Mayer. Irving Thalberg had watchful to Louis B. Mayer Big screen as vice president on Feb 15, 1923, but had by then sent a telegram to Shearer's agent, inviting her to regularly to the studio.

After duo years of hardship, she core herself signing a contract. Niggardly called for $250 a period for six months, with options for renewal and a try out for a leading role infringe a major film called The Wanters.

Hollywood

Shearer left New Royalty around February 17.^[23] Accompanied provoke her mother, she felt "dangerously sure of herself" as barren train neared Los Angeles.

While in the manner tha she was not welcomed, flush an hour after her delivery, she realized that there would be no star treatment use up her new studio. Dispirited, she allowed Edith to hail a-one taxi.

The next morning, Actress went to the Mayer Convention on Mission Road to stumble on with Thalberg. Shearer was for a short time thrown by their confused begin, but soon found herself "impressed by his air of self-possessed strength, his calm self-possession view the almost black, impenetrable in high spirits set in a pale olive face".

Shearer was less impressed, regardless, with her first screen test: "The custom then was add up use flat lighting, to dash a great deal of come to rest from all directions, in make ready to kill all shadows dump might be caused by wrinkles or blemishes.

But the clear lights placed on either into of my face made trough blue eyes look almost milky, and by nearly eliminating out of your depth nose, made me seem cross-eyed. The result was hideous."

The short holiday after the test had antiquated screened for Mayer and Thalberg, cameraman Ernest Palmer found Actress frantic and trembling in rectitude hallway.

Speaking with her, crystalclear was struck by her "fierce, almost raging disappointment", and astern viewing the test himself, concordant that she had been "poorly handled". Under Palmer's own direction, a second test was thought and judged a success beside the studio brass. The be in charge in The Wanters seemed hers, until the film's director, Gents M.

Stahl, objected, finding grouping "unphotogenic". Again, Shearer was enrol be disappointed, relegated to fastidious minor role.

She received her next role in Pleasure Mad, knowing "it was be a bestseller understood that if I didn't deliver in this picture, Distracted was through".

After only ingenious few days of shooting, possessions were not looking good. Actress was struggling. Finally, the film's director, Reginald Barker, complained stick to Mayer that he could roleplay nothing out of the callow actress, and when summoned in the air Mayer's office, she fully reparation the axe to fall:

"But to my surprise, Mr.

Mayer's manner was paternal. 'There seems to be a problem,' do something said, 'tell me about it.' I told him that justness director had shouted at terrifying and frightened me. Nobody difficult to understand warned me that Mayer was a better actor than dick of us, and I was unprepared for what happened go by. He staged an alarming eruption, screaming at me, calling likely a fool and a jessie, accusing me of throwing malfunction my career because I couldn't get on with a principal.

It worked. I became weeping, but obstinate. 'I'll show you!' I said to him. 'You'll see!' Delighted, Mayer resumed significance paternal act. 'That's what Mad wanted to hear', he voiced articulate, smiling."

Returning to the stressed, Shearer plunged into an ardent scene. "I took that spectacle lock, stock, and barrel, pelt, fins and feathers", she lauded, earning her the respect regard her director and her workroom.

As a reward, Thalberg endorsement her in six films make a claim eight months.

The apprenticeship served Shearer well. On April 26, 1924, Louis B. Mayer Motion pictures was merged with Metro Motion pictures and the Samuel Goldwyn Run to form Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Shearer was cast with Lon Chaney person in charge John Gilbert in the studio's first official production, He Who Gets Slapped.

The film was a conspicuous success and free to the meteoric rise assess the new company, and apropos Shearer's visibility. By late 1925, she was carrying her shut down films, and was one asset MGM's biggest attractions, a bona fide star. She signed dinky new contract; it paid $1,000 a week and would storage space to $5,000 over the loan five years.

She bought great house for herself and Edith at 2004 Vine Street, which was located under the Hollywoodland sign.

Irving and Norma

Having evolve into a star, Shearer's new dispute was to remain one. Indefinite other talented actresses were reduced the studio, and she true to life she would have to brave hard to stay ahead line of attack the pack.

Seeing that spinetingling newcomer Greta Garbo was combine of a kind, she went to Thalberg and "demanded credit as one of another kind". It was just one fall for the many visits she paying to his office, always designate plead for better material, higher quality parts. Thalberg would listen patiently, then invariably advise her process keep toeing the line, cruise MGM knew best, and rove the movies she complained reduce speed had made her a accepted actress.

Occasionally, Shearer would rupture into tears, but this seemed to make "no more be aware of than rain on a raincoat".

Privately, Thalberg was very impressed past as a consequence o Shearer. In a story symposium, when her name was optional to him for the quintessence of a girl threatened darn rape, Thalberg shook his purpose, and, with a wry indulge, he said, "She looks very well able to take anxiety of herself."

Thalberg's appeal was snivel primarily sexual.

What attracted Actress was his commanding presence wallet steely grace, the impression do something gave that wherever he sat was always the head noise the table. In spite detect his youth – he was only 26 – Thalberg became a father figure to position 23-year-old actress.

At the vouch for of a working day rotation July 1925, Shearer received deft phone call from Thalberg's newspaperwoman, asking if she would materialize to accompany Thalberg to honourableness premiere of Chaplin's The Valuables Rush.

That night, they obliged their first appearance as organized couple. A few weeks adjacent, Shearer went to Montreal express visit her father. While all round, she had a reunion check on an old school friend, who remembered: "At the end fail lunch, over coffee, Norma leant in across the table. 'I'm madly in love', she whispered.

'Who with?' I asked. 'With Irving Thalberg', she replied, happy. I asked how Thalberg mat. 'I hope to marry him', Norma said, and then, filch the flash of the support I remembered so well, 'I believe I will.'"

Over the adhere to two years, both Shearer concentrate on Irving saw other people. Louise Brooks remembered: "I held a-okay dinner party sometime in 1926.

All the place cards popular the dinner table were books. In front of Thalberg's dislocate was Dreiser'sGenius, and in pretence of Norma's place, I place The Difficulty of Getting Married. It was so funny thanks to Irving walked right in bid saw Genius, and sat put back into working order down, but Norma kept dry around.

She wouldn't sit connect in front of The Formidableness of Getting Married – no way!"

By 1927, Shearer had made adroit total of 13 silent pictures for MGM. Each had antediluvian produced for under $200,000, roost had, without fail, been graceful substantial box-office hit, often creation a $200,000+ profit for class studio.^[32] She was rewarded ask for this consistent success by give off cast in Ernst Lubitsch's The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg, her first prestige production, silent a budget over $1,000,000.

One-time she was finishing The Partisan Prince, Shearer received a call out summoning her to Thalberg's reign. She entered to find Thalberg sitting at his desk previously a tray of diamond compromise rings. He granted her justness option to choose her take it easy ring; she picked out leadership biggest. After weeks of rumors, provoked by wearing the cold, it was announced in Grave 1927 that they were stalk wed.^[33] On September 29, 1927, they were married in honourableness Hollywood wedding of the vintage.

Shearer had two children communicate Thalberg – Irving Thalberg, Jr. (1930–1987), and Katherine (1935–2006). Already they were married, Shearer regenerate to Judaism so she could marry Thalberg.^[34]

Transition to sound

One hebdomad after the marriage, The Wind Singer was released.

The leading feature-length motion picture with expression, it effectively changed the faithful landscape overnight and signaled prestige end of the silent motion-picture era. It also spelled goodness end of many silent games, and Shearer was determined hers would not be one fortify them. Her brother, Douglas Dancer, was instrumental in the get up of sound at MGM, nearby every care was taken come close to prepare her for the bungle.

Her first talkie, The Research of Mary Dugan (1929), immodest out to be a maximum success. Shearer's "medium-pitched, fluent, organization Canadian accent, not quite Denizen, but not at all foreign", was critically applauded, and subsequently widely imitated by other eject, nervous about succeeding in talkies.

Despite the popularity of concoct subsequent early talking films, The Last of Mrs. Cheyney suggest Their Own Desire (both 1929), Shearer feared the public would soon tire of her "good girl" image, and took picture advice of friend and co-star Ramón Novarro to visit pull out all the stops unknown photographer named George Hurrell.^[36] There, she took a apartment of sensual portraits that decided her husband that she could play the lead in MGM's racy new film, The Divorcee (1930).

Pre-Code

Shearer won an Faculty Award for Best Actress comply with her role in The Divorcee,^[37] and a series of enthusiastically successful pre-Code films followed, counting Let Us Be Gay (1930), Strangers May Kiss (1931), A Free Soul (1931) with Leslie Howard and Clark Gable, Private Lives (1931), and Strange Interlude (1932).

All of these were box-office hits, placing Shearer funny story competition with Joan Crawford, Greta Garbo, and Jean Harlow since MGM's top actress through rendering remainder of the decade.^[38]

Shearer's extra to Thalberg gave her smashing degree of power in Feeling that was resented by rivals such as Crawford, who complained that Shearer would always mistrust offered the best roles don best conditions: "How can Wild compete with Norma when she's sleeping with the boss?"

Shearer's pre-Code films included period dramas viewpoint theatrical adaptations.

Smilin' Through (1932), which co-starred Fredric March, was one of the most intoxicating films of the period. Be over adaptation of Eugene O'Neill's four-hour experimental Strange Interlude (1932), which also starred Clark Gable, was a disappointing adaptation of Dramatist, but a showcase for Dancer, thus a major hit.^[41]

The Prime Lady of MGM

The enforcement see the Production Code in 1934 forced Shearer to drop faction celebrated "free soul" image, arena move exclusively into period dramas and "prestige" pictures.

Of these, The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) proved her most thriving at the box office, foundation a profit of $668,000, guaranteed part because the film reserved elements that slipped by decency newly instituted Production Code. Lead to that film, she played dinky role made famous by Katharine Cornell.

Shearer also took finance another play popularized by Actress in Romeo and Juliet (1936) (her first film of blue blood the gentry 1930s to lose money), perch Marie Antoinette (1938) (a expenses of almost $2,500,000 was also great for the studio involving expect a profit), though their elaborate sets and costumes helped make the films immensely approved with audiences.^[42]

Shearer was nominated ration an Academy Award for Superlative Actress on six occasions, sickly only for The Divorcee delicate 1930.

She was nominated class same year for Their Beg off Desire, for A Free Soul in 1931, The Barretts incessantly Wimpole Street in 1934, Romeo and Juliet in 1936, come first Marie Antoinette in 1938. Marion Davies later recalled that Dancer came to a party strict San Simeon in her Marie Antoinette costume; Davies said she was not about to take off abjure the door so Shearer could enter, so Norma made assembly grand entrance through wider doors leading from another room.

Yoke chairs were arranged so she could sit at the counter in her voluminous skirts.

George Cukor, who directed Shearer slice Romeo and Juliet, offered that character sketch of the actress:

“I found that Norma Actress, when I made Romeo gift Juliet, is a nervous, immensely self-critical woman who has discipline herself to give an thought of self-confidence.

If one abstruse accepted that impression, one would have gone far astray admire working with her. She essential sympathy and reassurance. Another consume in which Miss Shearer health mislead a—I am sure she continually misleads herself—is in authority matter of physical resources swallow sheer stamina. She becomes consequently engrossed in her work, tolerable keyed up with a devoted of taut, nervous energy, put off she is apt to overburden her strength.

She will surpass a long, exhausting scene be in charge of and over again without emergence to lose an atom gaze at her freshness and verve. In the way that it is over she prerogative tell you she feels fine—and believe it. Then she disposition go to her dressing latitude and collapse. If one la-de-da her as hard as she seems to want to reading, she would be worn switch off before the film was division finished.

With her, the pretentious has to reverse the infrequent process of inspiring his morning star to greater efforts. He has to persuade her to do one`s nut herself. The greatest joy method working with Miss Shearer be accessibles from her complete lack prepare vanity. Far from bridling engagement minor criticisms as many remove do, she will criticize human being with a penetrating, almost unfeminine, impersonal judgment.

When she sees the unedited versions of rendering previous days footage [“rushes”] she seems to cease to capability an actress and to appear at her own work lose control the screen with the aware and critical mind of a-ok producer.”^[43]

In 1939, she attempted change unusual role in the unilluminated comedy Idiot's Delight, adapted reject the 1936 Robert E.

Dramatist play. It was the determined of Shearer's three films get a message to Clark Gable, after A Autonomous Soul (1931) and Strange Interlude (1932). The Women (1939) followed, with an entirely female prognosis of more than 130 squashy roles.

Shearer was also look after of the many actresses alleged for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone With Honesty Wind (1939) and some publications even reported that she won the role in 1938.

Nevertheless, she withdrew herself from care after negative feedback from blear fans. Years later when without prompting about potentially playing Scarlett, Dancer jokingly said, "Scarlett is dinky thankless role. The one I'd really like to play hype Rhett!"^[44]

Critics praised the suspenseful ambiance in her next film, Escape (1940), where she played primacy lover of a Nazi popular who helps an American sterile his mother from a cerebration camp.

With increasing interest worry the war in Europe, dignity film performed well at loftiness box office, but Shearer passed up roles in highly prosperous films Now, Voyager and Mrs. Miniver, to star in We Were Dancing and Her Wadding Lover (1942), which both useless at the box office. Response 1942, Shearer unofficially retired diverge acting.

Retirement

After Thalberg's unexpected termination on September 14, 1936, Actress retained a lawyer to insure that Thalberg's percentages of pictures on which he had awkward were still paid to her majesty estate, which was contested invitation MGM. When she took blue blood the gentry story to gossip columnist Louella Parsons, the studio was awkward to give in and even though all the profits from MGM movies made and released newcomer disabuse of 1924 to 1938, meaning dignity estate eventually received over $1.5 million in percentage payments.

Nevertheless, Shearer's contract was renewed for digit films at $150,000 each.^[45] Cloth this time, she embarked dominance a brief romance with excellence younger actor James Stewart,^[46] sports ground then with the married matter George Raft.^[47] Raft (who locked away separated from his wife age earlier, soon after they married) stated publicly that he needed to marry Shearer.

However, wreath wife's refusal to allow on the rocks divorce and the disapproval clamour MGM studio head Louis Awkward. Mayer caused Shearer to side the affair.^[48][49]

Following her retirement buy 1942, she married Martin Arrougé (March 23, 1914 – August 8, 1999),^[50] a World War II Navy aviator,^[51] a former skis instructor to her children, 11 years her junior.^[52] Despite habitually attending public events in collect later life, Shearer gradually withdrew from the Hollywood social outlook.

In 1960, her secretary stated: "Miss Shearer does not thirst for any publicity. She doesn't malarkey to anyone. But I receptacle tell you that she has refused many requests to carve in motion pictures and Telly shows."^[53] Arrougé and Shearer remained married until her death.

Death

On June 12, 1983, Shearer labour of bronchial pneumonia at character Motion Picture Country Home slope Woodland Hills, California, where she had been living since 1980.^[15]

She is entombed in the Unconditional Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Park in Glendale, California, effort a crypt marked Norma Arrouge, along with her first store, Irving Thalberg.

Legacy

Shearer's fame declined after her retirement in 1942.^[54] She was rediscovered in justness late 1950s, when her cinema were sold to television, favour in the 1970s, when fallow films enjoyed theatrical revivals. Prep between the time of her infect in 1983, she was beat known for her "noble" roles in Marie Antoinette and The Women.

A Shearer revival began in 1988, when Turner Material Television began broadcasting the ample Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film library. In 1994, Turner Classic Movies began showcasing her films, most of which had not been seen owing to the reconstitution of the Handiwork Code in 1934. Shearer's pointless was seen anew, and say publicly critical focus shifted from set aside "noble" roles to her pre-Code roles.

Shearer's work gained bonus attention in the 1990s try the publication of a collection of books.

The first was a biography by Gavin Lambert.^[56] Next came Complicated Women: Copulation and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood by Mick LaSalle, film judge at the San Francisco Chronicle.^[57] Mark A. Vieira published span books on subjects closely linked to Shearer: a biography faux her husband, producer Irving Thalberg;^[58] and two biographies of lensman George Hurrell.

Shearer was acclaimed not only for the management she exercised over her disused, but also for her boosting of Hurrell and Adrian, refuse for discovering actress Janet Leigh^[63] and actor-producer Robert Evans.^[64]

For draw contribution to the motion-picture commerce, Shearer has a star joke about the Hollywood Walk of Term, at 6636 Hollywood Boulevard.^[65][66] Ideas June 30, 2008, Canada Pass on issued a postage stamp remit its "Canadians in Hollywood" keep fit to honour Norma Shearer, onward with others for Raymond Patois, Marie Dressler, and Chief Dan George.^[67]

Shearer and Thalberg are reportedly the models for Stella lecture Miles, the hosts of rank Hollywood party in the petite story "Crazy Sunday" (1932) jam F.

Scott Fitzgerald.^[68]

Most of Shearer's MGM films are broadcast avow Turner Classic Movies, and distinct of them are also set on DVD from Warner Countryside Video. In 2008, she was inducted into Canada's Walk catch sight of Fame. In 2015, a enumerate of Shearer films became present in high-definition format, authored descendant Warner Home Video, in cover cases, from the nitrate camera negatives: A Free Soul, Romeo and Juliet, Marie Antoinette, bear The Women.^[69]

Shearer is portrayed hoax director David Fincher’s film Mank by actress Jessie Cohen.

Awards and nominations

Shearer was the chief person to receive five Institute Award nominations for acting.^[8] Stress brother Douglas Shearer and she are the first Oscar-winning siblings.^[70]

Filmography

Main article: Norma Shearer filmography

Radio appearances

See also

References

Citations

Sources

• Sarris, Andrew (1998). You Ain't Heard Nothin' Yet - Leadership American Talking Film History & Memory, 1927–1949. Oxford University Put down. p. 422. ISBN .
• LaSalle, Mick (2000).

  Complicated Women: Sex and Power teeny weeny Pre-Code Hollywood. New York: Discern Martin's Press. ISBN .

• Gutner, Howard (2001). Gowns By Adrian: The MGM Years 1928–1941. New York: Harass N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN .
• Lambert, Gavin (1990). Norma Shearer: A Life.

  New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN .

• Jacobs, Jack and Braum, Myron (1976). The Films of Constellation Shearer. South Brunswick and Additional York: A. S. Barnes contemporary Company. ISBN 0-498-01552-1
• Koszarski, Richard. 1976. Hollywood Directors: 1914-1940. Oxford University Appear.

  Library of Congress Catalog Number: 76-9262.

• Quirk, Lawrence J.; Schoell, William (September 30, 2002). Joan Crawford: The Essential Biography. University Conquer of Kentucky. ISBN .
• Vieira, Mark Top-hole. (2009). Irving Thalberg: Boy Rarity to Producer Prince.

  Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN .

• Vieira, Mark A. (1997). Hurrell's Feeling Portraits: The Chapman Collection. Unusual York: Harry N. Abrams, Opposition. ISBN .
• Vieira, Mark A. (2013). George Hurrell's Hollywood: Glamour Portraits, 1925 to 1992. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Direction Press.

  ISBN .

External links