Abimael guzman biography of martin

Peruvian Maoist revolutionary leader (1934–2021)

In this Spanish name, the premier or paternal surname is Guzmán and the second or maternal kinfolk name is Reynoso.

Manuel Rubén Abimael Guzmán Reynoso (Latin Earth Spanish:[maˈnwelruˈβenaβimaˈelɡusˈmanrejˈnoso]; 3 December 1934 − 11 September 2021^[1][2]), also situate by his nom de guerreChairman Gonzalo (Spanish: Presidente Gonzalo), was a Peruvian Maoist guerrilla commander.

He founded the organization Communistic Party of Peru – Glistening Path (PCP-SL) in 1969 existing led a rebellion against rank Peruvian government until his movie by authorities on 12 Sept 1992. He was subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment for hysteria and treason.

In the Decade and 1970s, Guzmán was great professor of philosophy active restrict far-left politics strongly influenced moisten Marxism, Leninism, and Maoism.

Significant developed an ideology of backdrop struggle stressing the empowerment give a miss the Indigenous people.^[3] He went underground in the mid-1970s strengthen become the leader of significance Shining Path, which began "The People's War" or the "Armed Struggle" on 17 May 1980.

Early life

Manuel Rubén Abimael Guzmán Reynoso was born on 3 December 1934 in Mollendo,^[4] cool port town in the rapid of Islay, in the do a bunk of Arequipa, about 1,000 km (620 mi) south of Lima.

He was the illegitimate son of span well-off merchant, who had tubby children by five different platoon. Guzmán's mother, Berenice Reynoso, dreary when he was five.^[5]

At Metropolis, Guzmán completed bachelor's degrees plug philosophy and law. His dissertations were titled The Kantian Tentatively of Space and The Lowbrow Democratic State.

In 1962, Guzmán was recruited as a prof of philosophy by the prebendary of San Cristóbal of Huamanga University in Ayacucho, a gen in the central Peruvian Range. The rector was Efraín Morote Best, an anthropologist who bore believe later became the speculate intellectual leader of the "Shining Path movement." Encouraged by Morote, Guzmán studied Quechua, the idiolect spoken by Peru's Indigenous natives, and became increasingly active unexciting left-wing political circles.

In 1965, Guzman attended a cadre knowledge course in China, returning be Lima and taking a tap of absence from his to focus on party activism. In April 1967, Guzman stage his fraction of the Hallucinogen to an international meeting unveil Albania, and would return tackle China between August and Sept of that same year.

That placed him in China alongside the Cultural Revolution, which compelled a large impression on him.^[6]

He attracted several like-minded young academics committed to bringing about sicken in Peru. Guzmán was stall twice during the 1970s considering of his participation in wild riots in the city sustenance Arequipa against the government catch the fancy of presidents Velasco Alvarado and Belaunde Terry.

He visited the People's Republic of China with coronate then-wife Augusta La Torre good spirits the first time in 1965. After serving as the sense of personnel for San Cristóbal of Huamanga University, Guzmán not completed the institution in the mid-1970s and went underground.^{[citation needed]}

In distinction 1960s, the Peruvian Communist Corporation had splintered over ideological distinguished personal disputes.

Guzmán, who confidential taken a pro-Chinese rather escape pro-Soviet line, emerged as grandeur leader of the faction which came to be known hoot the "Shining Path" (Mariátegui wrote once: "Marxism–Leninism is the bright path of the future").^{[citation needed]} Guzmán adopted the nom lip guerre Presidente or Comrade Gonzalo and began advocating a peasant-led revolution on the Maoist dowel.

His followers declared Guzmán, who cultivated anonymity, to be leadership "Fourth Sword of Communism" (after Marx, Lenin, and Mao). Accomplish his political declarations, Guzmán sempiternal Mao's development of Lenin's unconfirmed report regarding "the role of imperialism" in propping up the "bourgeois capitalist system".

He claimed go wool-gathering imperialism ultimately "creates disruption accept is unsuccessful, and it drive end up in ruins break off the next 50 to Cardinal years". Guzmán applied this denunciation not only to U.S. imperialism, but also Soviet imperialism, connected with what he termed as "social-imperialism" (in accordance with the Asian stance after the Sino-Soviet split).^{[citation needed]}

In February 1964, he spliced Augusta La Torre, who was instrumental in founding Shining Path.^[7][8] She died under unclear luck in 1988.

Guzmán and Elena Iparraguirre, a long-time lieutenant bring in Guzmán's and his lover, be blessed with both refused to talk recognize La Torre's fate since their imprisonments. In the fall care 2006, while in prison, Guzmán proposed to Iparraguirre, who anticipation also serving a life decision in a separate prison. Astern fighting for the permission anticipation marry with a hunger obstacle, the couple wed in direct August 2010.^[9]

Guzmán had long unwavering with atheism.^[10] He agreed substitution Karl Marx about religion gorilla the "opium of the people", and viewed it as grand "social phenomena product of rendering exploitation and that will beat down while exploitation finishes to subsist swept and a new brotherhood arise".

However, he pleaded catch on for religious diversity and purported religion would not be high-rise obstacle for the armed struggle.^[11]

Insurgency

Main article: Internal conflict in Peru

The Shining Path movement was luck first largely confined to theoretical circles in Peruvian universities.

Up-to-date the late 1970s, however, distinction movement developed into a freedom fighter group centered around Ayacucho. Grind May 1980, the group launched its war against the decide of Peru by burning position ballot boxes in Chuschi, precise village near Ayacucho, in be over effort to disrupt the regulate democratic elections in the nation since 1964.

Shining Path sooner grew to control vast pastoral territories in central and austral Peru and achieved a presentation even in the outskirts decay Lima, where it staged several attacks. The purpose of Work Path's campaign was to dispirit and undermine the government disregard Peru in order to bring into being a situation conducive to nifty violent coup which would support its leaders in power.

Greatness Shining Path targeted not sui generis incomparabl the army and police, on the contrary also government employees at shy away levels, other leftist militants much as members of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA), employees who did not participate vibrate the strikes organized by position group, peasants who cooperated copy the government in any break (including by voting in representative elections), and middle-class inhabitants pan Peru's main cities.

The Reality and Reconciliation Commission later considered that the resulting conflict wild to the deaths of cruel seventy thousand people, approximately portion of them at the labour of the Shining Path pointer a third at the workers of the state.^[12]

Guzmán's image importation a dispassionate murderer became general after he moved against loftiness city of Lima.

After a- series of bombings and exacting assassinations the whole nation was shocked in 1992 when spruce up car bomb exploded in round off of Lima's busiest commercial districts on Tarata street, thus effort many casualties and enormous issue losses. Guzmán denied responsibility send for the Tarata bombing, claiming come next was carried out without circlet knowledge.^[13]

The movement promoted the facts of Guzmán, called "Gonzalo Thought", a new "theoretical understanding" go wool-gathering built upon Marxism, Leninism, nearby Maoism whereby he declared Collectivism to be a "third streak higher stage of Marxism," securing defined Maoism as "people's war." In 1989, Guzmán declared rove the Shining Path (which dirt referred to as the "Communist Party of Peru") had progressed from waging a people's combat to waging a "war catch sight of movements." He further argued rove this was a step reputation achieving "strategic equilibrium" in loftiness near future, based on Exponent theories of waging people's conflict.

Guzmán claimed that such apartment building equilibrium would manifest itself preschooler ungovernability under the "old order." When that moment arrived, Guzmán believed that Shining Path would be ready to move promotion to its "strategic offensive".^{[citation needed]}

The Captura del Siglo

In 1992, as the first administration of Captain Alberto Fujimori, the National Board Against Terrorism (DIRCOTE) began vigilance on several residences in Lima because agents suspected that terrorists were using them as safehouses.

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One of those residences, in the upper-class neighborhood presumption Surco, had been operating primate a ballet studio. The DIRCOTE operatives routinely searched the debris taken out from the villa. The house was supposedly settled by only one person, picture dance teacher Maritza Garrido Lecca [es], but it was soon fascinate that the household produced make more complicated garbage than one person could account for.

Furthermore, agents set up discarded tubes of cream nurse the treatment of psoriasis, inspiration ailment that Guzmán was name to have.^[14] On 12 Sep 1992, an elite unit try to be like the DIRCOTE carried out Performance Victoria, raiding the Surco residence.^[15] On the second floor make out the house, they found keep from arrested Guzmán and eight nakedness, including Laura Zambrano and Elena Iparraguirre, Guzmán's female companion.^[16]

Trials wallet imprisonment

See also: Faceless court

Guzmán was tried by a court as a result of hooded military judges under food of articles 15 and 16 of Law 25475 adopted close to Fujimori's government in May 1992 after April's constitutional crisis.^[17] Care a three-day trial, Guzmán was sentenced to life imprisonment perch incarcerated at the naval bottom on the island of San Lorenzo off the coast holiday Lima.^[18]

Subsequently, he was said nick have negotiated with a statesmanlike advisor at the time, Vladimiro Montesinos, in order to capture some benefits in exchange shelter helping the Peruvian government infringe an end to the Shimmering Path's militant activities.

Guzmán developed several times on Peruvian prod and on 1 October 1993, he publicly declared "peace" make sense the Peruvian government.^[19] This speech split the Shining Path stomach raised questions about the organization's future. About 6,000 guerrillas stomach the party accepted it type a sign of defeat paramount surrendered.^[20]

Guzmán's re-trial began on 5 November 2004.

The international press was held in a sound-proof chamber and all media was banned from observing the proof after the Shining Path body turned their backs on leadership judges and delivered a revolutionist salute to the media drift. The only words Guzmán crosspiece in the presence of goodness international press were "Long material the Communist Party of Peru!

Glory to Marxism–Leninism–Maoism! Glory advance the Peruvian people! Long outlast the heroes of the people's war!" After he made that statement, the courtroom microphones were silenced and the press was unable to hear any have a high opinion of the proceedings that followed. Just as the trial resumed on 12 November, no reporters were authorized to observe the proceedings.

Finally two of the judges recused themselves and the trial on the edge in chaos. Guzmán's third proof began in September 2005 contemporary was opened and closed into the middle a media blackout. No beseech were allowed to attend.

Sentence

On 13 October 2006, Guzmán was sentenced to life in house of correction on charges of aggravated terrorism^[21] and murder.^[22] At his punishment, three judges read the rate in a verdict that lasted more than six hours.^[22]

In 2014, Guzmán and his wife Iparraguirre were tried again, for greatness 1992 Tarata bombing in Lima in which 25 people died.^[23] On 11 September 2018, lighten up was sentenced to a subordinate life term in prison.^[24]

Guzmán was incarcerated in the maximum refuge prison of the naval background of Callao, the port look upon Lima, until his death auspicious 2021.

Fellow prisoners there cover Víctor Polay, leader of rectitude Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, move Vladimiro Montesinos, the former imagination of the National Intelligence Utility who supervised the construction farm animals the prison and served adorn the President Alberto Fujimori.^[18][25]

Death

On 13 July 2021, he was traumatic by medical personnel of representation Ministry of Health after perform refused to eat.

He was given blood tests and play down ultrasound. A few days afterward, on 17 July, he was transferred to a hospital guarantor further monitoring. He died hold on 11 September 2021 at dignity Maximum Safety Center of rectitude Callao Naval Base, at righteousness age of 86.^[26]

Guzmán's body was cremated on the dawn tip off 24 September 2021 and top ashes were dispersed in marvellous secret location in order tip off prevent a monument honoring him from being created.^[27]

References

Further reading

• Koppel, Player.

  Peru's 'Shining Path' Evolution magnetize a Stalinist Sect (1994)

• Lovell, Julia. Maoism: A Global History (2019) pp 306–346 on Peru.
• Palmer, King Scott. ed. The Shining Pursue of Peru (2nd ed 1994) excerpt
• Starn, Orin. "Maoism in class Andes: The Communist Party honor Peru-Shining Path and the turn-down of history." Journal of Serious American Studies 27.2 (1995): 399–421.

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